The Consequences Of Indias Regulated Economic Development Economics Essay

The Indian economic system provides a uncovering contrast between how persons react under a government-controlled environment and how they respond to a market-based environment. Evidence suggests that recent market reforms that encouraged single endeavor have led to higher economic growing in that state. India can bring forth extra economic growing by furthering entrepreneurial activity within its boundary lines. To prosecute farther the entrepreneurial attack to economic growing, India must now supply chances for ( 3 ) Networking among possible enterprisers and their experient opposite numbers. Further, although the Indian authorities should set up policies supportive of entrepreneurial attempts, its function overall should be minimized so that the influence of the free market and single opportunism can be to the full realized. Economic development, achieved mostly through productiveness growing, is really of import to both developed and developing states. However, even though we know that higher productiveness leads to better economic results ( for illustration, higher income, more picks to the consumers, better quality merchandises, etc. ) , there has been no consensus among research workers about either the coveted way of development or the function of province in economic development. The function of the province in economic development began to alter dramatically with the coming of the Industrial Revolution. In the West, the ensuing industrialisation and economic development were based on the constitution of single belongings rights that encouraged the growing of private capital. Competition and single endeavor thrive in this environment because persons pursue their opportunism of endurance and wealth accretion. The inherent aptitude to last under competitory force per unit areas outputs invention and productiveness additions, which finally lead to both increased net incomes for concern and lower monetary values to consumers. However, the rise and spread of capitalist economy led a figure of minds to analyze the effects of the market-based attack to development. Socialists argued that capitalist economy ( or private ownership of capital ) can take to greater inequalities of income and wealth, while developmental economic experts argued that private determinations may non ever lead to socially desirable results ( peculiarly in the instance of market imperfectnesss ) . Indeed, many policymakers at the clip saw market failures as quite common and hence assumed that merely appropriate authorities intercessions could steer an economic system to a way of sustained economic development. In the early twentieth century, the former Soviet Union attempted a bold experiment of bettering single wellbeing without giving the aim of greater equality of income and wealth through entire ownership of capital by the authorities. Initially, the Soviet Government was able to raise productiveness through directed industrialisation and, within a span of 25 old ages ( by the terminal of World War II ) , emerged as a world power. It was around this clip that a significant figure of colonised states were deriving their independency ( for illustration, India, Pakistan and Burma ) . Unfortunately, during their clip as settlements to the Western states, these states, for the most portion, had been deprived of the industrialisation that had engulfed those same Western states. Based on the successful experience of the former Soviet Union, many economic experts and policymakers concluded that, peculiarly in a hapless state, planning was indispensable for the efficient allotment of an economi c system ‘s resources. The authoritiess in these freshly independent states assumed a important function in economic development. They sought to rapidly and well raise the criterion of life through directed and controlled economic development. Apart from everything else, these developing states invested to a great extent in instruction to advance literacy and to guarantee an equal supply of proficient work force to run into their turning demands. Further, these antecedently colonized states did non desire to subject their hapless and weak economic systems to international economic fluctuations and therefore sought to industrialise through import replacing industrialisation, where imports were expected to be progressively replaced by domestic production. In this paper we examine economic development in India, a former British settlement that became one of the most closed economic systems in the universe, to contrast the functions of authorities intercession and single endeavor in that state ‘s economic growing. In peculiar, we demonstrate that, given recent economic reforms in India, along with the grounds for the function that single endeavor can play in a state ‘s economic growing, the Indian authorities should invent policies that rely more on single endeavor, with its accent upon single enterprise and opportunism, to spur economic development. Further, we describe the particular function that can be played in the economic development of India by a greater accent upon entrepreneurship. The program of the paper is as follows. Section I summarizes the scheme of economic development and the overall economic environment that has prevailed in India since its independency from the United Kingdom. Section II analyses the effects of regulated economic development in India, with peculiar accent on the deductions of the microeconomic facets of India ‘s attack to its economic environment. Section III assesses the consequences of India ‘s economic reforms since the state ‘s economic crisis of 1990, and highlights the function that single endeavor has played and can go on to play in that state ‘s economic lucks. Section IV describes the particular function that entrepreneurship can play in India ‘s attempts at economic growing. Finally, subdivision V summarizes the chief findings and concludes the paper.I. INDIA ‘S STRATEGY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTIndia ‘s economic development scheme instantly after Independence was based chiefly on the Mahalanobis theoretical account, which gave penchant to the investing goods industries sector, with secondary importance accorded to the services and family goods sector ( Nayar, 2001 ) . For illustration, the Mahalanobis theoretical account placed strong accent on excavation and fabrication ( for the production of capital goods ) and infrastructural development ( including electricity coevals and transit ) . The theoretical account downplayed the function of the mill goods sector because it was more capital intensive and hence would non turn to the job of high unemployment in India. Any addition in planned investings in India required a higher degree of nest eggs than existed in the state. Because of the low mean incomes in India, the needed higher degrees of nest eggs had to be generated chiefly by limitations on the growing of ingestion outgos. Therefore, the Indian authorities implemented a progressive revenue enhancement system non merely to bring forth the higher degrees of sa vings2 but besides to curtail additions in income and wealth inequalities. Among other things, this scheme involved canalisation of resources into their most productive utilizations. Investings were carried out both by the authorities and the private sector, with the authorities puting in strategic sectors ( such as national defense mechanism ) and besides those sectors in which private capital would non be forthcoming because of slowdowns or the size of investing required ( such as substructure ) . The private sector was required to lend to India ‘s economic growing in ways envisaged by the authorities contrivers. Not merely did the authorities determine where concerns could put in footings of location, but it besides identified what concerns could bring forth, what they could sell, and what monetary values they could bear down. Therefore the scheme of economic development in India meant ( 1 ) Direct engagement of the authorities in economic activities such as production and Selling. ( 2 ) Regulation of private sector economic activities through a complex system of controls. In add-on, the Indian economic system was sheltered from foreign competition through usage of both the â€Å" infant industry statement † and a adhering foreign exchange restraint. Imports were limited to goods considered indispensable either to the development of the economic system ( such as natural stuffs and machines ) or to the care of minimum life criterions ( such as rough oil and nutrient points ) . It was further decided that exports should play a limited function in economic development, thereby minimising the demand to vie in the planetary market topographic point. As a consequence, India became a comparatively closed economic system, allowing merely limited economic minutess with other states. Domestic manufacturers were sheltered from foreign competition non merely from abroad but besides from within India itself. Over clip, India created a big figure of authorities establishments to run into the aim of growing with equity. The size of the authorities grew well as it played an progressively larger function in the economic system in such countries as investing, production, retailing, and ordinance of the private sector. For illustration, in the late fiftiess and 1960s, the authorities established public sector endeavors in such countries as production and distribution of electricity, crude oil merchandises, steel, coal, and technology goods. In the late sixtiess, it nationalized the banking and insurance sectors. To relieve the deficits of nutrient and other agricultural end products, it provided modern agricultural inputs ( for illustration farm machinery, irrigation, high giving assortments of seeds, chemical fertilisers ) to husbandmans at extremely subsidised monetary values ( World Economic Indicators, 2001 ) . In 1970, to increase foreign exchange net incomes, it designated exports as a p recedence sector for active authorities aid and established, among other things, a responsibility drawback system, programmes of aid for market development, and 100 per cent export-oriented entities to assist manufacturers export ( Government of India, 1984 ) . Finally, from the late seventiess through the mid-1980s, India liberalized imports such that those non capable to licensing as a proportion to entire imports grew from five per cent in 1980-1981 to about 30 per cent in 1987-1988. However, this partial remotion of quantitative limitations was accompanied by a steep rise in duty rates. This active and dominant engagement by the authorities in economic activities resulted in the creative activity of a protected, highly-regulated, public sector-dominated economic environment. Along with this authorities domination of the economic system, India shortly faced non merely some major jobs in its overall attack to development, peculiarly in the country of industrialisation, but besides a dramatic addition in corruptness in its economic system. Finally, like any other turning economic system, the Indian economic system faced a figure of serious sectoral instabilities, with deficits in some sectors and excesss in others. These effects of India ‘s government-controlled economic system are discussed in deepness in the following subdivision.II. THE CONSEQUENCES OF INDIA ‘S REGULATED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTIndia ‘s environment of regulated economic development led to the preparation of policies that were concerned with both macroeconomic and microeconomic facets. Whereas much attending in the literature has been devoted to the macroeconomic issues, we focus chiefly on the microeconomic facets of Indian economic policies. In peculiar, we examine how persons guided by their opportunisms of endurance and wealth accretion will move in a regulated environment, which in fact discourages the chase of those opportunisms. To make so, we describe the effects of In dia ‘s usage of monetary value ceilings, in which monetary values are set below their equilibrium degree to do merchandises and services low-cost to comparatively hapless subdivisions of the society.III. ECONOMIC Reform: THE MIXED RESULTS FOR INDIADue to authorities intercession, peculiarly the high degrees of authorities subsidies, it was clear by 1990 that India was populating beyond its agencies. The consequence was a terrible payments crisis in which, for the first clip, the authorities physically transported gilded overseas to forestall defaulting on foreign committednesss. To run into its immediate balance of payments crisis, India besides entered into a structural loan accommodation understanding with the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . However, one status of this loan required India to set about economic reforms to travel from a centrally-planned development scheme to one based on market-based resource allotments. As a consequence, the authorities of India undert ook a bundle of economic reforms between 1991 and 1993, with the purpose of puting the market in topographic point of authorities controls as the premier mover in the economic development procedure. As one might anticipate, macroeconomic policy played a major function in India ‘s economic advancement in the 1990s. For illustration, Acharya ( 2001 ) concludes that India ‘s devaluation of the rupee and its determination to increase the degree of allowable foreign investing helped it to do considerable economic advancement. Joshi ( 2001 ) and Karunaratne ( 2001 ) both say that India ‘s policy of selective capital history liberalisation helped it to accomplish of import economic aims ( and still avoided the crises faced by the East Asiatic states ) . Gupta ( 1999 ) highlights the of import function played by India ‘s prudent direction of exchange rate policy and its tight pecuniary policy. Bhalla ( 2000 ) notes both the denationalization of the populace sector en deavors and the gradual dismantlement of the authorities be aftering procedure in favor of market forces. Overall, there can be no uncertainty that the reforms implemented since 1991 have led to considerable economic advancement in India. For illustration, from 1992-1993 through 2000-2001, economic growing averaged an unprecedented 6.3 per cent per twelvemonth. Further, as indicates, the rate of rising prices and the financial shortage have both decreased well. He besides says that India ‘s improved exchange rate direction has restored the assurance of foreign investors, which in bend has led to improved funding of the current history shortage and higher degrees of foreign exchange militias. However, even though India has made significant economic advancement in recent old ages, it still has several countries in demand of major market-based reforms. Below, we identify three illustrations from India ‘s economic system that reveal a limitation of the chase of single opportunism and a recreation of resources off from their most efficient usage. The first illustration concerns the obstruction still presented by the Indian revenue enhancement system, the 2nd high spots the inefficiencies of the Indian civil service, and the 3rd describes the demand for farther land reform in India. 1. In malice of recent revenue enhancement reforms in India, the present revenue enhancement system still works against the single opportunism to last and roll up wealth and, as a consequence, still leads to the concealment of income, wealth and outgos. Indeed, whereas in the United States and the Republic of Korea, the highest revenue enhancement rate applies to an income degree of $ 250,000 and $ 66,000, severally, in India that same revenue enhancement rate applies to an income of merely $ 3,400. Simply reforming its revenue enhancement system to convey it in line with comparable states should give several significant benefits to the Indian economic system. 2. The Indian civil service provides attractive calling picks for immature occupation searchers due chiefly to the first-class occupation security, non-monetary compensation, and chances for influence available in those callings. For illustration, despite minimum wages for persons keeping top-tier places in such countries as disposal, constabulary, gross and railroads, these civil retainers are entitled to high occupation security and to a great extent subsidised lodging, conveyance, medical services, telephone privileges, and at times domestic aid. We believe that the policies underlying compensation to authorities employees should be reformed such that they are based chiefly on market rules. The advantages of making so include extinguishing sections known for corrupt patterns, doing expressed the true cost of a authorities employee ‘s public presentation, and giving authorities employees a good sense of their market worth. 3. Finally, considerable reform is needed in the Indian existent estate sector. A big proportion of the land is owned by the authorities, and any land made available for private usage is governed by antediluvian ownership, districting, occupancy, and rent Torahs. Further, this authorities control of land has reduced the sum of land available for trading intents. The consequence is that Indian land monetary values are the highest among all Asiatic states relative to mean income ( Lewis, 2001 ) .IV. THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA ‘S FUTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTThe advancement of Indian economic development from 1947 to the present provides farther grounds that persons do react to inducements in their chase of self-survival and accretion of wealth. Further, the nature of this response depends on the economic clime, peculiarly the function of the authorities. India ‘s economic system struggled every bit long as it was based in a system of authorities ordinance with smal l interaction with economic forces outside the state. The economic reforms of the early 1990s set the phase for significant betterments in the Indian economic system. As was stated before, India ‘s economic system grew at an norm of 6.3 per cent from 1992-1993 to 2000-2001. Further, its rate of rising prices and financial shortage both decreased well. Improved exchange rate direction led to improved funding of the current history shortage and higher foreign exchange militias. Finally, India ‘s GDP and per capita income both increased well from 1990-1991 to 1998-1999. India can make more, nevertheless, to further progress its economic development. Indeed, one of the more recent microeconomic attacks to economic growing is the publicity of entrepreneurial activities. Entrepreneurial attempts have been found to bring forth a broad scope of economic benefits, including new concerns, new occupations, advanced merchandises and services, and increased wealth for future community investing. The undermentioned narrative explains in considerable depth how entrepreneurial activities have succeeded in several states and how it can now be used to further India ‘s economic development.DecisionThe Indian economic system provides a uncovering contrast between how persons react under a government-controlled environment and how they respond to a market-based environment. The grounds presented here suggests that recent market reforms promoting single endeavor have led to higher economic growing in that state. The logical thinking here is non new, although it is reviewing to detect that this â€Å" tried-and-true † concluding applies to developing every bit good as to developed states. Specifically, trust upon a free market, with its accent upon single opportunism in endurance and wealth accretion, can give a broad scope of economic benefits. In India those benefits have included, among other things, increased economic growing, reduced rising prices, a smaller financial shortage, and higher influxs of the foreign capital needed for investing. We further conclude that India can bring forth extra economic growing by furthering entrepreneurial activities within its boundary lines, peculiarly within its burgeoning in-between category. Not merely has entrepreneurship been found to give important economic benefits in a broad assortment of states, but India specifically has reached a point in its development where it can accomplish similar consequences through entrepreneurial attempts. Among other things, India is poised to bring forth new concern start-ups in the high engineering country that can assist it go a major rival in the universe economic system. For illustration, it has a strong instruction base suited to entrepreneurial activities, increased influxs of foreign capital aimed at its turning information engineering services sector, and a host of successful new concern start-ups. To prosecute farther the entrepreneurial attack to economic growing, India must now supply chances for ( 1 ) Education directed specifically at developing entrepreneurial accomplishments. ( 2 ) Financing of entrepreneurial attempts ( 3 ) Networking among possible enterprisers and their experient opposite numbers. Obviously, the authorities can play a significant function in assisting to supply these types of chances. It can besides supply the appropriate revenue enhancement and regulative policies and assist the citizens of India to understand the nexus between entrepreneurial attempts and economic prosperity. However, its function overall must be minimized so that the influence of the free market and single opportunism can be to the full realized. Lone clip will state if increased entrepreneurial activities in India will really give the economic benefits found in so many other states of the universe. Should India make up one's mind to prosecute that avenue of economic development, so future research demands to analyze the consequences of India ‘s entrepreneurial programme. Possibly more of import, that research besides needs to find how India ‘s success in entrepreneurial attempts might differ from those pursued in developed states.

Lottery Addiction: Its Effects on the Respondents’ Economic Status in Nasugbu, Batangas

LOTTERY ADDICTION: ITS EFFECTS ON THE RESPONDENTS’ ECONOMIC STATUS IN NASUGBU, BATANGAS A Research Paper Presented to MR. JOSEPH B. EVANGELISTA Nasugbu Christian Faith Academy, Inc. In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements as Secondary Graduates by Sibelle Justine L. Gallivo Richard Jason R. Dastas Angelica B. Magpantay Ronnel Aries B. Ilao Mark Bryan A. Urena Regine N. Antazo Alfred C. Drio March 2010  ©2010 Sibelle Justine L. Gallivo Richard Jason R. Dastas Angelica B. Magpantay Ronnel Aries B. Ilao Mark Bryan A. Urena Regine N. Antazo Alfred C. DrioAll Rights Reserve ABSTRACT Title:Lottery Addiction: Its Effect on the Respondents’ Economic Status in Nasugbu, Batangas 2. Researchers :Sibelle Justine L. Gallivo Alfred C. Drio Angelica B. Magpantay Mark Bryan A. Urena Regine N. Antazo Richard Jason R. Dastas Ronnel Aries B. Ilao 3. Publication 3. 1Date: 3. 2Place: 3. 3Region: IV-A CALABARZON 4. Institution 4. 1Name: Nasugbu Christian Faith Academy, Inc. 4. 2School Y ear: 2009-2010 5. Statement of the Problem 1. Personal profile of the respondents in terms of: 1. 1 sex 1. 2 civil status 1. 3 salary range 2.What are the effects of lottery to the economic status of the respondents? 3. What is the relationship of the respondents; bet to their employment status? 4. Who usually give the biggest bet: employed or unemployed? 5. Who usually play lotto: employed or unemployed? 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of playing lotto? 6. Summary of Findings Profile of Respondents With the total of fifteen (15) respondents, nine (9) or 60% were female while six (6) were males eleven (11) or 73. 3% were married while four (4) or 26. 7% were single by civil status; eight (8) or 53. % of the respondents falls on salary bracket of Php 1,500 t0 5,000, four (4) or 26. 7% with no salary , two (2) or 13. 3% range a salary from Php 10,000 to 20,000 while a salary range of Php. 30,000 and above has one (1) or 6. 7%. Effects of Lottery to the Respondent’s Economic Status Most of the enumerated effects listed by the respondents were affects the budget of the family resulting to the increase of allotted budget; affects the family relationship due to additional burden brought by playing lotto; intentional use of budget allotted to the children’s needs, and; highly emphasized fall of economic status.Relationship of Respondents bet to their Employment Status Employed versus unemployed status of the respondents established outstanding relationship with their bet. Eleven (11) or 73. 3% were employed thus give there usual or bigger bet compared to four (4) or 26. 6% unemployed. Usual Lotto players between employed and unemployed Employed respondents were the major lotto player since they have the means to gamble as compared to unemployed respondents. Advantages and Disadvantages Most of the respondents believed that playing lotto can only give hope of becoming rich through winning the jackpot prize.Most likely playing lotto was disad vantages: fall of their economic status; family budget/allocation suffered; unwise use of the money; becoming unproductive citizen; lead to addiction thus committing unacceptable actions due to gambling 7. Conclusions 1. Since majority of the respondents were married and female, they invest their future through playing lotto hoping to win the jackpot prize. 2. Since most of the respondents were employed, they have the high tendency of playing lotto because of their source of money as well as the tendency to put the biggest bet. . Since the respondents feels the negative effects of playing lotto in their economic status they would probably limit or refrained from playing lotto. 4. Since lotto playing was disadvantageous, the respondents surely realized its implication to their family as well as to the community. 8. Recommendations 1. Instead of investing family’s future through the chance of luck, find a real and long-term job that will secure your future, better to gain the v alue of worth rather than relying on your chance. 2.Lotto fanatics should not rely much on winning since it is computer operated this east to manipulate. 3. Employed lotto players should not give their biggest bet although they gave the means or source to gamble. 4. Male use/spend family’s budget wisely instead of gambling in lotto. 5. Local Authorities should impose law governing the age allowed to bet in lotto since it is a form of gambling. 6. Avoid becoming addicted in playing lotto since it is disadvantages in nature. 7. Further study about this interesting topic for future preference. APPROVAL SHEETThis research paper entitled, â€Å"LOTTERY ADDICTION: ITS EFFECTS ON THE RESPONDENTS’ ECONOMIC STATUS IN NASUGBU, BATANGAS†, prepared and submitted by Sibelle Justine L. Gallivo, Richard Jason R. Dastas, Angelica B. Magpantay, Ronnel Aries B. Ilao, Mark Bryan A. Urena, Regine N. Antazo, and Alfred C. Drio in partial fulfilment of the requirements as Secondary G raduating Students, has been examined and approved by our Research Teacher, MR. JOSEPH B. EVANGELISTA, with a grade of _____________. Accepted and approved, _____________________ Mr. Joseph B. Evangelista ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe researchers sincerely acknowledge their debt of gratitude to those in one way or another contributed and gave assistance to the preparation and completion of this study. Mr. Joseph B. Evangelista, for providing original ideas and opinions which made the completion of this study possible. Our Parents, who gave us financial aid and supported us morally that serves as our strength. The Borja Family, who helped us in distributing our questionnaires. Our Relatives and Friends, who shared their wisdom, time and effort as well as their suggestions valuable to our study.Our Alma Mater, Nasugbu Christian Faith Academy, Inc. , for the support, knowledge and for molding us to become productive and inytellectual students capable of competing in all aspect. To our Respondents, for their time, effort and invaluable assistance in answering the questionnaires that serves as our main source of informations. And above all, to Our Almighty Creator, for gracing us strength, wisdom and holy guidance as we accomplish all these things. A. B. M. A. C. D. M. A. U. R. N. A. R. R. D. R. B. I. S. L. G. DEDICATION To our beloved parents: Mr. and Mrs. Regino Antazo Mr. nd Mrs. Joseph Dastas Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Drio Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Gallivo Mr. and Mrs. Antonio Ilao Mr. and Mrs. Noeh Magpantay Mr. and Mrs. Lourdeliza Urena To our brothers and sisters: Angelo Magpantay Christopher Drio Jr. Jerome Dastas Rose Marie Eliza Raizza Mae Dastas Ray Anthony Ilao Reynaldo Antazo Resty Antazo Richel Antazo Rose Marie Eliza Antaso Ruby Antazo Ruel Antazo Ruiter Allan Ilao This piece of work is humbly dedicated. The Researchers TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title pagei Copyright Pageii Abstractiii Approval Sheetvi Acknowledgementvii Dedicationviii Chapter I.THE PROBLEM AND ITS B ACKGROUND Introduction1 Statement of the Problem3 Statement of the Hypothesis3 Assumptions3 Significance of the Study4 Scope and Limitation of the Study4 Definition of Terms4 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES Foreign Literature6 Local Literature6 Foreign Studies12 Local Studies15 III. METHODS OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURE Design and Method of Research19 Sample and Sampling Techniques Used19 Statistical Treatment of Data21 IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Sub-problem 1. What is the profile the respondent’s terms of: 1. sex 2. civil status 3. alary range22 Sub-problem 2. What are the effects of lottery to the economic status of the respondents? 22 Sub-problem 3. What is the relationship of the respondents bet to their employment status? 22 Sub-problem 4. Who usually give the biggest bet: employed or unemployed? 23 Sub-problem 5. Who usually play lotto: employed or unemployed? 23 Sub-problem 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of playing lot to? 23 V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary 25 Findings25 Conclusions26 Recommandations27 BIBLIOGRAPHY28 APPENDICE A. Questionnaires CURRICULUM VITAE29

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Social Stigma and Mental Illness - Essay Example While such labels are applicable to a small fraction of patients, a majority of them are â€Å"normal† individuals by common standards. Their disorders and disturbances only affect their concentration, cognition and efficiency. Yet, they get ostracized for their condition. The mainstream media plays a significant role in spreading such misconceptions among the citizenry. As a matter of statistic, crime rates among the mentally disturbed are quite similar to that of the control group (Angermeyer, 2004). Yet, the media portrays them as people prone to violent and antisocial behavior. For example, â€Å"Mental illness also has not received the sensitive media coverage that other illnesses have been given. We are surrounded by stereotypes, popular movies talk about killers who are "psychos" and news coverage of mental illness only when it related to violence. We also often hear the causal use of terms like "lunatic" or "crazy," along with jokes about the mentally ill. These representations and the use of discriminatory language distort the public’s view and reinforce inaccuracies about mental illness.† (Schulze, 2003) It is not an even keel with all types of afflictions. Some of them like schizophrenia are subject to more ridicule and stigma than say depression. People affected with this condition are portrayed as â€Å"psychos†, â€Å"whackos†, â€Å"nut balls†, etc. While disorders like depression don’t attract such treatment as a result of widespread awareness about anti-depressants within the mainstream media (Kelly, 2007). There are other negative consequences to such stigma. For one thing, many people shy away from getting proper treatment for their conditions on fear of being ridiculed and disparaged. They also develop unreasonable fears of abandonment by their family and friends once the illness comes to light

Youtube.com. Content Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Youtube.com. Content Analysis - Article Example When a character 's' was entered in the search textbox, the top keyword to appear was that of 'Shakira' and later when more few single letters were entered in the search box, the top keyword to appear was of actor or actress or movie or song. Youtube.com strongly advocates earning through video sharing which has made it so popular. The site allows the users to integrate their profiles with Google Adsense so that they can earn revenue whenever their videos are viewed. The site avails family filter but when the keyword 'porn' returned video results, the videos had unrestricted access allowing free view to all the users. Most of the videos that appear of the home page of Youtube.com are news and technology related most popular videos that are recommended by the site itself, and videos that are watched at the moment. The youtube.com also has become the directory for most of the news channels submitting their reality show clippings on YouTube making it convenient for viewers to watch it online and download the same. The commercial starts with the children asking for Boomerang. The one minute and one second commercial shows the fast paced life of Beyonce who has too many appointments, traveling different places and attending press conference. And while resting in hotel room, just says 'I don't have time to waste. That's why I shop online. No time to worry. That's why I am a card member'.

Reflective paper The concept of the Dreaming Essay

Reflective paper The concept of the Dreaming - Essay Example It is the commonality tying all Australian indigenous groups and guiding them through all aspects of life. People see it as an embodiment of creation giving meaning to everything. It is said to establish rules that govern relationships between people, land and every existing thing for the aboriginal people. Edward refers to the dreaming as the time that the aboriginal people came to existence (Bingham, 2004). The dreaming is by far the most prominent views and ideals of the indigenous people despite the vast variety amongst the aboriginal people across Australia. Indigenous Australia was and is a multi-cultural society. Although quite a number of groups across the whole of Australia had their own languages distinct from each other also different life styles and dreaming stories, all of them had teachings concerning the natural and spiritual worlds, proper behaviors among themselves and also the laws that would govern the society(Caruana, 2003). There are three waves of migration into Australia. Edward termed the Ocean Negritos first wave’, with Murrayians being the second, and Carpentarians being the third. All the migrated people groups of the people that migrated had a diversified language. The number Aboriginal tongues were estimated to be 6000 in the entire Australia at that time. The diversity came up with different values and faith in the entire Dreaming era. The importance of Dreaming every bit of life forces the humans, the land, flora, fauna, the ancestral beings, and natural phenomena is inextricably and eternally connected to every other part (Buist, 2011). There are three key aspects of the dreaming. This includes the spiritual beings, kinships and dreaming stories. As seen earlier despite the differences in the languages or the land, they were born in the aboriginal people had common beliefs on the spiritual beings. They did have kinship systems but were not governed by chiefs or sub-chief as opposed to the case that came

Distribution center, warehouse, and plant location Essay - 1

Distribution center, warehouse, and plant location - Essay Example For companies, high population is always a big market for their goods. The reason is that when there is a high population in a country, the sales of the companies go high because of presence of a large number of consumers. Therefore, companies view population as a market for goods. On the other hand, population is also a source of labor. Companies need to recruit people to run business operations. Therefore, companies also view population as a source for labor. Transportation considerations influence facility location decisions because high transportations costs increase the price of goods. The most suitable facility locations are those where transportation services are easily available. When a facility is located at a place, where there is a shortage of transportation services, transportation costs will be high because of less competition. Therefore, companies usually find such locations, which there is an excess of transportation services. Facility relocation occurs when a company shifts a facility from one place to another due to some reasons. On the other hand, facility closing occurs when a company suspends its business operations at a facility when the company does not need that facility to operate any more. In case of facility relocation, employees do not face big problems because they can still work for their companies. However, the companies should adjust their wages in accordance with the location of the new facility. On the other hand, in case of facility closing, companies should arrange new jobs for their employees before the date of closing in order to secure their professional

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Ethics - Essay Example He decides about his behavior in the light of the ethical discussions because he has learned it through a sales training program which was conducted in the past. He came to the understanding that if he commits himself to ethical behaviors, his subordinates would also be ethical within their undertakings. He received instructions in writing within the sales training program and this formed the basis for his comprehension. Mr. James’ company employs a proper code of ethics because he has set his eyes on achieving the very best by remaining clean and transparent within his dealings with the people under him as well as the customers who visit his chain of stores. He maintains a proper relationship with them at all times. He leads his team through difficult situations with consummate ease because he has got a wait and see approach which is based on sound ethical values and principles. Companies in this day and age do have written codes of ethics because it dictates the way the empl oyees should conduct themselves. The punishments or penalties imposed on them for violating the ethical domains include the likes of suspension and other legal procedures, which are managed by the human resources management department within these companies.

Reaction time Essay Example for Free

Reaction time Essay How fast a response can be made once he need has been recognised. By improving my reaction time I will be able to move my racket into the correct position to return my opponents shots much quicker. I would also be able to move my body into the correct position on the correct much quicker which would stop the need for over stretching for the shuttle which sometimes causes me slight injuries. This would make my play much more successful within both doubles and singles. After examining each health and skill related component of fitness and evaluating how well I did in the fitness tests I have decided to center my exercise plan round improving my muscular endurance and cardio-vascular fitness. I have chosen these because I believe that before I improve any skill related component of fitness I must have solid health related components of fitness. This is because usually health related components are directly linked with how easily a person is able to develop skilled components. For example without good muscular strength a person cannot be powerful. Muscular endurance and cardio-vascular fitness are the two that need improving foremost as I already quite a good player and therefore come up against many players which are equally matched to myself, therefore the duration of games is usually quite long and endurance is important. Relevant fitness tests to support my aims. Multi stage fitness test = this is a bleep test which participants run between two points which are 20m apart, the bleeps tell the person when to start running and when they should reach the other point. As the levels increase the beeps get closer together. This test will determine how good my muscular endurance is and whether I can run at increasing speeds with increasing tiredness. As one of my main aims is to improve my muscular endurance this test is vital to highlight any improvement made by implementing my personal exercise plan. I could not carry on after level eight; I felt this was quite good but not excellent. I would like to, with the help of my personal exercise plan, be able to achieve level 10. Pull ups = this test just involves how many times I can lift my entire body weight to lift my head above the bar. This is a relevant test as it measures the strength of my arms which is very important in the game of badminton. The strong my arms the more power I can put into my shots and the further and faster the shuttle can travel. I managed just three pull ups. This result is just below average. Improving my muscular strength would be an advantage however this is not one of my main aims of my personal exercise plan. Reaction time = this test involves putting a ruler against a wall and getting another person to hold it. I would then put my strong hand at the 50cm mark. My friend would then drop the ruler and I would have to catch it. The test of my reaction time is how far down the ruler I catch it. In badminton reaction time is also very important as reacting to the shuttles direction quickly is vital. Reaction time is very difficult to improve however nationally I scored excellent so this isnt a major concern for improvement. Illinois Agility Test = this test is rather complicated but a great test of agility. It involves lying on the floor until the timer starts, once it has started I must stand up and run following the arrows on the diagram, each circle is a cone. This test accesses the ability to change direction at speed and the transference of weight at speed. The game of badminton can be very fast and therefore changing direction at speed can be essential. The test took me 43seconds; this is also just above average. Balance = this test involves a static balance which is timed. This is to see how long I can balance on one leg with my eyes closed. Balance in badminton is important as when stretching to reach the shuttle I need to keep my balance so not to fall. I managed to stay balanced for 20seconds this being nationally very good.

The Use Of Facial Expressions In Communication English Language Essay

The Use Of Facial Expressions In Communication English Language Essay What messages are we conveying with the expression on our faces or with the twinkle in our eye. Is it a universal message known to all or is it interpreted differently by various cultures and people? Facial expressions are a major part of communication and have a profound impact on the messages we give and receive nonverbally. This paper will focus on facial expressions and the influences they have on the way we are able to understand another persons emotions without as much as a word from them. Discussion We are communicating with our bodies all the time whether we realize it or not. Most of the emotional meanings of our messages are given through facial expressions, body language, gestures and our appearance. People tend to believe nonverbal signs of communication more than the actual words because it is harder to mask the emotions behind them and they show through. Reading and interpreting these nonverbal cues is valuable skill. It is useful in all different types of relationships every day. Different cultures focus their attention on various parts of the face making this form on nonverbal communication different among cultures. In America we look at the face in its entirety as opposed to Easterners who concentrate more on just the eyes. This is shown through emoticons as well as in person. (Facial expressions,)When Westerners email or send a text message the emoticon s show a mouth smiling or frowning. Easterners emoticons have bigger eyes and the mouth is usually a straight across line. Westerners emoticons eyes are usually represented by dots. The differences in these show where different cultures focus their attention on and what they find most important. Often, people tend to mimic the facial expression of the person who is talking to them. It is said that this is an unconscious act so people dont always know when they are doing it. Some researchers have said it is a behavior we learn, for that reason it is different among cultures. These expressions are said to be so powerful that they can influence an emotional experience without the perceiver actually going through the experience. (Emotional empathy and, 2008). These influential gestures have the ability to make people empathize with one another. This made me think of the saying smile, its contagious. I have noticed if Im having a bad day and a random stranger smile at me I return the smile and sometime that puts me in a better mood. Even if my mood it just changes a little, it is still a strong tool. I believe facial expressions are a very powerful form of communication. I believe if we utilize them correctly they can be very persuasive and help us in our day to day lives. It has been proven that children with disabilities have a harder time understanding people socially. Studies show that people with autism and mental retardation have a different way of interpreting facial expressions. Instead of focusing on the entire face as a whole, people with autism look at the lower part of the face focusing their gaze mostly on the mouth. (Gross, 2007). When reading someones facial expressions we look at a number of things including eyes, mouth, eye brows and many other muscles of the face. By looking into someones eyes we can tell if they are lying, paying attention to us or if they are avoiding something. An autistic person generally avoids eye contact or has very little of it. They look at other people as little as possible. (Klin,Lin,Gorrindo,Ramsey,Jones, 2009). This is the main reason they do not interpret facial expressions as well as others. The lack of focus on the eyes has a major impact on this. They also do not mirror the expressions which is how yo u learn to read and interpret them starting at a young age. There are many different factors that we take into consideration when interpreting facial expressions. Place and time is a main one. If a person has just woken up we may see that on their face and interpret it as they are tired when in fact they are well rested and just waking up. Another factor is if alcohol has been added in the mix. In one study, after the participants were given alcohol, they had a harder time distinguishing between if the picture of the male was angry or disgusted. Because of the stereotypical belief that males are more aggressive their facial expression was perceived as this. The same study showed that alcohol did not affect the ability to perceive happy emotions. (Attwood,Ataya,Benton,Penton-Voak,Munafo, 2009). Positive emotions are easier to read and take less effort to distinguish. They are generally the same among different ages and cultures. Another factor that determines whether we accept or reject a facial expression is the current mood we are in. If we are happy we are more positive and more accepting or willing to believe the expression as genuine. If we are in a bad mood there is a better chance of us assuming that the person is controlling their expression and it isnt truly how they feel. (Forgas, East, 2008) We tend to analyze negative expressions more. If we are listening to someone talk and watching their expressions while we are angry or unhappy we are usually showing this on our face. If we are not mirroring the expressions of the person talking ,we usually dont fully understand or really believe what they are saying. We are a lot more skeptical of others while in a bad mood ,almost as if we are threatening situation. I think that is because they can lead to a more negative experience. Positive emotions are easier to read and understand. If we feel better about ourselves and our mood, we feel better about othe r people and are able to trust that they are being genuine. Conclusion- We are expressing and perceiving many different messages through nonverbal communication and our bodies. Our facial expressions have a major impact on this part of communication and can be the deciding factor on if what we are saying is believed by the other person. This very powerful nonverbal form of communication can be used as a persuasive tool to help us get what we want or help a perceiver emphasize with how we feel. It can also help a person lie to someone .If one learns to control their expressions they can be very deceitful. Because people with disabilities view the face in parts instead of a whole they do not get the full effect of the expressions and they are not able to grasp the meaning of it. There are other things factors that cloud our ability to interpret facial expressions such as stereotyping and alcohol. When added together it is easier to misread the signs we can usually interpret without a problem . This is usually only true when referring to males. I believe that nonverbal communication is a very important type of communication. Because facial expressions are such a major part of this, I think it is important to learn and understand them. They show how a person feels without them saying it. If the person interpreting the message is in a good mood they will most likely believe the person sending the message is being genuine. If you can learn to correctly use and interpret these important tools, than you will have outstanding communication skills needed for your work and personal life. Citations- Facial expressions. (n.d.).  In the News, Retrieved from http://library1.kvcc.edu:2086/WebZ/FTFETCH?sessionid=fsapp4-41904-gasyyy7a-20joz8:entitypagenum=4:0:rule=100:fetchtype=fulltext:dbname=WilsonSelectPlus_FT:recno=3:resultset=1:ftformat=PDF:format=BI:isbillable=TRUE:numrecs=1:isdirectarticle=FALSE:entityemailfullrecno=3:entityemailfullresultset=1:entityemailftfrom=WilsonSelectPlus_FT: Emotional empathy and facial feedback. (2008). Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 32(4), 215-224. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=9did=1570597881SrchMode=1sid=2Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1277397393clientId=17874 Gross, T.F. (2007). Recognition of immaturity and emotional expressions in blended faces by children with autism and other developmental disabilities. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=4did=1426442671SrchMode=1sid=1Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1277401770clientId=17874 Klin,Lin,Gorrindo,Ramsey,Jones, A,D,P,G,W. (2009). Two-year-olds with autism orient to non-social contingencies rather than biological motion. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0did=1722927501SrchMode=1sid=1Fmt=3VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1277403869clientId=17874 doi: 1722927501 Attwood,Ataya,Benton,Penton-Voak,Munafo, A,A,C,I,M. (2009). Effects of alcohol consumption and alcohol expectancy on the categorization of perceptual cues of emotional expression. Origional Investigation, Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=7did=1691777391SrchMode=1sid=6Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1277406623clientId=17874 doi: 1691777391 Forgas, East, J,R. (2008). How Real is that smile? mood effects on accepting. Original Paper, Retrieved from http://library1.kvcc.edu:2081/pqdweb?index=13did=1493057881SrchMode=1sid=2Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1277422728clientId=17874 doi: 1493057881

A Day in the Life of a Senior Crew Member

A Day in the Life of a Senior Crew Member The purpose of this report is to be presented to an induction class at the united airlines where I was asked to brief the new members on the role and responsibilities of the senior crew member to increase their knowledge on such. This report is in four paragraph format where it will include the introduction, research findings, discussion and the conclusion on the role of the senior cabin crew member, the responsibilities of the senior cabin crew member during the stages of a flight, the reporting procedures for ensuring Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) compliance and revision of the importance of the role and responsibilities of the senior cabin crew member throughout the stages of a flight will be done, but before we move on the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) compliance is defined by Caa.co.uk. (2017) as the rules and regulations set by CAA that all aviation sector governs under the CAA must follow, if there is noncompliance then there will be consequences. Research findings: P4: the role of the senior cabin crew member. Be a leader. Manage the other flight attendant on the flight, ensuring rule and regulation are being followed by both crew members and passengers. Serve and prepare food and beverages. Assist passengers whenever they need help. Complete all paper works before and after each flight. P5: The responsibilities of the senior cabin crew member during the stages of a flight. Responsibility during pre-departure: Pre-flight briefing. Communicate with flight and cabin crew members. Make passenger announcements. Complete documentation. Make equipment checks. Monitor team members and ensure all pre-departure duties are carried out. Do a cabin secure check. (Essence Learning 2017). Responsibilities during the flight: Plan and assist in delivering service to passengers. Provide solutions to the problem and make decisions. Monitor and manage crew members. (Prospects.ac.uk, 2017). Responsibilities prior to landing: Make passenger announcements Collect and complete all documentation Restrain all moving object like carts and secure sealing of bars, money etc. Do the final cabin checks. (Prospects.ac.uk, 2017). Responsibilities after landing: Handover reports Disarming and open the doors Communicate and work alongside flight ad cabin crew members and ground staff. Do a post flight breifing (Prospects.ac.uk, 2017). P6 The reporting procedures for ensuring Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) compliance Defective equipment Safety incidents Medical and security incidents on board Discussion P4: the role of the senior cabin crew member. On the flight there different positions, you have the first pilot who is the captain, then the co-pilot, they are responsible for everyone on the aircraft, then you have the senior cabin crew member (SCCM) who is responsible for the cabin crew members and not only that but the SCCM is the leader of the cabin crew he is the first person to be called if there is any emergency on the flight and the first one to administer CPR in extreme cases . Not because the SCCM is the leader he is there to assist in preparing and serving food and beverages and all so assist passengers like carrying their luggage putting it in the overhead compartment etc.one another important role of the SCCM is to complete paper works before and after the flight, he is also responsible for a conducting a pre-flight briefing. P5: The responsibilities of the senior cabin crew member during the stages of a flight. The responsibilities of an SCCM depends on how big the crew is and whether its a long or short haul flight and the responsibilities change over different stages of the flight, before the plane takes off (pre-departure ) there is a lot of things to be done in a short amount of time so the SCCM responsibilities is to ensure that the duties assigned to the cabin crew are done. A pre-briefing meeting is kept by the SCCM to outline any change in flight information and safety procedures, a;so stating the nature of the flight and any other valuable information to the cabin crew members,SCCM is also responsible for the passenger announces where safety procedure are carried out and need to know information is passed on to the passengers.it is very important that the SCCM keep in communication with the flight crew to be well rounded on what is going on. A cabin check and equipment check is done to ensure that all equipment are working.(Essence Learning 2017).During the flight the SCCM responsi bilities are to ensure that the crew members and passengers are safe, monitoring and managing the crew members with on point decision and problem-solving skills ,the SCCM is all so responsibility for providing services to the passengers like answering any question they may have and also serve and prepare food and beverage, the sharing of duties to the cabin crew members are also a part of the SCCMs job description (Prospects.ac.uk, 2017). Prior to landing the SCCM responsibilities differs where he or she responsibility is to ensure that nothing harmful in the passageway, the securing of carts and the serving of hot beverage or serving is paused until the plane passes that stage, documents are also to be completed and handover at the end of the flight.prior to landing the SCCM will make passenger announcements (pas) so inform the passengers of the procedures and the last set of safety checks will be done (Prospects.ac.uk, 2017). After landing the SCCM disarm and open the doors, bid t he passengers farewell.communication with teamwork is of key importance in getting the work done effectively so the SCCM liaise with cabin crew members, ground staff, and the flight crew to ensure that there is clear understanding if there is any emergent situation or just the caring out of daily procedures.at the end of a flight, a post-briefing is done by the SCCM to go through what happen during the flight and if there is any improvement needed to be done.(Prospects.ac.uk, 2017). For P6: Outline the reporting procedures for ensuring Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) compliance. Safety incidents CAP 382 The Mandatory Occurrence Reporting Scheme (MORS) Mandatory Occurrence Reporting (MOR) Forms outlining the situation must be sent via email or fax to the director of CAA in your region. A copy of this report must be given to the employer for flight safety reasons. Reports must be sent out within 96 hours of the event. If the situation is deemed hazardous then the CAA requires the reported to send another email or fax to state this information, the same thing is to require if the situation is not hazardous.(Anon, 2017) (See figure 1 in appendix) Defective equipment The manufacturer or a suitable authority should be advised of the situation. The organization to which the occurrence report was made or made aware by the person who made the report should notify the manufacturer(s) or the regulatory agencies. Anon ,2017 stated that when any part or equipment involved in an occurrence is being dispatched to another area or organisation for investigation or repair, the item(s) should be clearly identified as the subject of an occurrence report to the GCAA, by appropriate annotation of the tag and all accompanying paperwork. (Anon,2017) Medical and security incidents on board In-flight accident report In the event of an in-flight accident, The Accident and Incident Investigations Department (AIID) should be notified immediately via call or email, contacts are available on the CAA website. Then the commander or the operator of the aircraft must report to the CAA. (Caa.co.za. 2017). (see figure 1 in appendix) M1 importance of the role and responsibilities of the senior cabin crew member throughout the stages of a flight The major role and responsibility that the senior cabin crew member plays are to ensure the safety of the passengers and the staff, by doing this the SCCM have to uphold with the compliance of the regulations set by the CAA and other regulatory bodies by securing and doing periodic checks of the cabin and equipment. The SCCM is the leader if the cabin crew so he/she is responsible for ensuring that the duties are shared equality and being carried out by each assigned member ,the SCCM carries our a preflight briefing and post-flight briefing to ensure information is being passed on to the crew members and then to the passengers, doing this guarantees teamwork and flowing communication to limit confusion and panicking in case of an incident, the SCCM also aids in guest services like serving food and beverages and preparing crew member food this aids in teamwork and shows that no matter the rank you still have to be a team player. D1: Discuss the consequences of poor coordination, including non-compliance with the company and regulatory policies and procedures. May cause injuries(Anon.2017) May lead to death (Baum, Hedlund, Aristei Goldman, P.C. 2017). the lawsuit (Baum, Hedlund, Aristei Goldman, P.C. 2017). Loss of customers and ruin reputation. (Baum, Hedlund, Aristei Goldman, P.C. 2017). Employees may lose their job. (Smallbusiness.chron.com,2017) The decrease of productivity. (Smallbusiness.chron.com,2017) Cause delay. (Smallbusiness.chron.com,2017) Duplication of duties (Smallbusiness.chron.com,2017) Discussion For D1: Discuss the consequences of poor coordination, including non-compliance with company and regulatory policies and procedures The aviation industry focus is safety, so procedures and policies are set in place to ensure the safety of passengers, crew members, and the aircraft, non-compliance of these procedures may cause injuries, lawsuits, loss of a job or even death. For example non-compliance of hot Liquids Service Procedures where it states that flight attendants must discontinue service of hot beverage in turbulence and hot liquids must have lids that secure closely, will results in the injury of passenger or crew member (Anon, 2017).Aircraft maintenance is very important and skipping a step or just not upholding the maintenance of the aircraft may lead to death , this is call aircraft maintenance negligence, for example in January 8, 2013 a small 19 passenger aircraft plunged to the ground killing all passenger on the flight including first officer and the pilot, due to the fact the maintenance of the elevator control system and center of gravity imbalance, the pilot was unable to bring nose of the pla ne back down, with the plane pointed upwards air was unable to flow over the wings. Airlines who fail to uphold the safety regulation and the coordination of policies and procedures may face with a heavy lawsuit which will in return ruin the reputation of that business leading to loss of customers and is incarcerated if found guilty (Baum, Hedlund, Aristei Goldman, P.C. 2017). The consequences of poor coordination will result in the decrease in production, meaning procedures will not go as smooth as they should because there is delay no one wants to wait especially when they were promised fast and reliable service, the customer retention part of the business will suffer because of this. The lack of coordination ay cause duplication of duties and allowing other persons not to have a duty because of poor coordination. This will cause double effort and max time to correct the poor coordination. (Smallbusiness.chron.com,2017)

Imagine you have been asked to direct J.B. Priestley’s “An Inspector :: Drama

Imagine you have been asked to direct J.B. Priestley’s â€Å"An Inspector Calls† what Instructions would you give to the actor playing the part of Mr Arthur Birling At the opening of the play, Priestley presents a typical Edwardian middle class business family. The arrogance and pomposity of the Birlings is clear immediately as Priestley remarks, â€Å"they are all feeling rather pleased with themselves.† As the audience are introduced to the play the Birlings are celebrating the engagement of Sheila Birling and Gerald Croft. Mr Birling is a successful businessman who has been active in local politics and has had the honour of being Lord Mayor. He is a magistrate and has hopes of being given a knighthood which will make him socially closer to Sir George and Lady Croft, the parents of his future son in law, Gerald Croft. Mr Birling is self confident, but his more humble upbringing makes him â€Å"social outcast† and he enters the group of â€Å"noveau riche† the new rich. The way he speaks shows him up; he is not a highly intellectual man of upper-class grace, but a man who still speaks with limited interests and narrow-minded views. Mr Birling is the man of the house, and in the setting of the play, 1912, it was a patriarchal society, where men had more power and were considered more important than women, as even Mrs Birling accepts, â€Å"when your married you’ll realise that men with important work to do sometimes have to spend nearly all their time and energy on their business.† Mr Birling is a bully, he rules by intimidation and self importance. Mr Birling will be dressed appropriately for his daughter’s engagement, wearing an expensive tailor-made suit with tie, or a dinner jacket with bow tie. Mr Birling represents the older generation, where he cannot accept responsibility for mistakes he has done. It is a huge failing in him, and ends up in attempting to cover himself up. His weakness makes him appear desperate and foolish, and gives the Inspector the advantage of having Mr Birling cornered, â€Å"Look Inspector-I’d give thousands-yes, thousands-.â€Å" The Inspector has broken him, he has the call of the questions. The opening of the curtains starts with ironically with Mr Birling speaking in his very loud abrasive manor, â€Å"Giving us the port, Edna? That’s right. You ought to like this port, Gerald. As a matter of fact, Finchley told me it’s exactly the same port your father gets from him.† The atmosphere on stage at this point in the play, is very cheerful and light spirited, they are all celebrating the engagement of Gerald and Sheila, a very serene and joyous occasion.

Poes Fall of The House of Usher - The House and its Inhabitants :: Fall House Usher Essays

The House and its Inhabitants In the story â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, Poe presents the history of the end of an illustrious family.   As with many of Poe’s stories, setting and mood contribute greatly to the overall tale.   Poe’s descriptions of the house itself as well as the inhabitants thereof invoke in the reader a feeling of gloom and terror.   This can best be seen first by considering Poe’s description of the house and then comparing it to his description of its inhabitants, Roderick and Madeline Usher. Poe uses several descriptive words in his portrayal of the house.   The reader’s first impression of the house comes from a direct observation from the narrator.   This unnamed narrator states, â€Å"†¦ with the first glimpse of the building, a sense of insufferable gloom pervaded my spirit.†Ã‚   As the narrator continues to describe the house he uses several similarly dismal adjectives.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The gloom experienced by the narrator is not limited to merely the house itself.   The vegetation, which surrounds the area, is described as â€Å"a few rank sedges and †¦ a few white trunks of decayed trees.†Ã‚   He emphasizes these facets of the house and its environs by restating the descriptions reflected in a â€Å"black and lurid tarn.†Ã‚   The narrator points out that the house seems to be in a dilapidated condition.   While he claims that the house appears structurally sound, he takes time to comment upon â€Å"the crumbling condition of the individual stones.†Ã‚   He also emphasizes the long history of the house by stating that its features recall an â€Å"excessive antiquity.† To of the most striking descriptions used to portray the house are those of the windows and the fissure.   He describes the windows as â€Å"vacant [and] eye-like.†Ã‚   With this description the narrator effectively anthropomorphizes the house.   Thus he almost gives the status of character to the house.   The other outstanding description is that of the fissure.   It is described as â€Å"a barely perceptible fissure, which [extends] from the roof of the building in front, [making] its way down the wall in a zigzag direction, until it [becomes] lost in the sullen waters of the tarn.†Ã‚  Ã‚   It is interesting to note that the narrator spends so much time describing a feature that he describes as barely perceptible. The first of the two Ushers to be introduced to the reader is Roderick.   He is first seen lying upon a couch.

Industrial Revolution :: History

Industrial Revolution Why was there an industrial revolution in Britain? There have been many changes in both Britain and the Worlds History, such as the Industrial Revolution? This Revolution I talk about today, started way back, 250 years ago. From this stage, the mid 18th century, to the early 20th. Some effects of the revolution where bad, but many on the other hand were very good and have changed the way the world works for the better. I am now going to go through each of the causes of the revolution, then I shall state which cause I think what the trigger cause , which started of the revolution. Rise in Population The big rise in population meant that everything had to be increased. More houses needed to be built which caused some cities to become overcrowded, but help the industry, because there was more workers to be employed in factorys and other work places. This cause was a long term cause, because over a long period of time, more babies where being produced, and more people were moving in from other countries. The population also increased because less people where dying at a young age, the reasons why people lived longer was because there was cleaner water which meant people were not drinking dirty and contaminated water which would make them sick, better diets: people where getting more meat and vegetables because the farming was improving. The medical skill had improved, so when people where sick they could go and visit there local G.P and would be given treatment and would not get sick and wouldn’t die, so population increased. The Transport revolution The transport revolution occurred, because roads where in very bad condition, they where full of holes, which made them hard to drive over with carriages and horses. The holes filled up with mud and water which was hard to clean, each local parish was suppose to maintain the roads, but as most people didn’t drive, it was pointless to go to great extent to keep the roads in a good condition. To change the roads, a decision was made, where tolls and turn pikes would be situated along roads, cars would drive past, and pay a fee of money to pay for maintenance of the road, this money helped to re-surface the roads and keep them in good condition. The money also paid to build new roads, which meant businesses could transport goods along roads easier.

Gun Control Outline

Gun Control Outline I. Introduction A. American Dream, means different things to people (needs to be fought for) B To many people, freedom is owning a gun C. Gun control is strict enough. The United States government puts down laws strict enough to deal with firearms. II. Body A. Who Can Own A Firearm? 1. Why officials can use firearms a. Military and authorities use firearms to protect, not to attack b. These people have been trained and know how to handle firearms 2. Why do authorities and military need firearms a.Military and authorities know how to use them b. They use them to protect society, when civilians have them, they will most likely be used for good B. Why Civilians Can Handle Guns 1. Responsibility a. People use firearms for protection, what do they want protection from? Other people with guns and weapons b. If guns were illegal to the public, then the need to defend ourselves against people with guns would still not even be close to gone 2. Laws a. If guns were outlawed , then crime rates would maintain their levels or increase (facts insert here) b.Guns can lead to many terrible things such as school shootings that have taken place in the past BUT 3. Guns hurt people, people dont hurt people. Guns need to be in the hands of responsible people. III. Conclusion A. Guns are not bad things, it’s what you do with them that makes them bad B. In years to come, the use of guns will soon get out of hand C. Banning guns will never solve the problem completely.. it will make criminals more determined to get what they want with other, possibly more dangerous methods other than using a firearm. Gun Control Outline GUN CONTROL Thesis Statement – There is no doubt that this world would be a safer place without a license to carry, but we need to consider that guns are needed to hunt. Possible introduction – A lot of questions were raised about the effects of everyone being allowed to carry guns. The rise of crime and murder are certain areas to think about being most impacted by the state carrying side arms. We also need to ask ourselves, how often are guns used for protection?Is the law helping citizens protect their family or is the law just making it easier to commit murder? I – Are guns being used for protection? Is there enough prescreening done before selling a gun? Are citizens comfortable enough using a gun? II – Are guns falling into the wrong hands due to this law? Gangs and guns Kids and guns III – Are citizens taking the proper measures to secure their weapons? Should everyone one in the household be required to take a class on gun safety?Should all members of the household be required to learn how to shoot the gun? IV – How does gun control affect the hunters? Many hunters depend on their guns in order to feed their family? Hunting is a major source of income for many Possible conclusion – Although gun control is a very controversial subject, one thing is clear we need to seriously address this issue quickly. Until we get some kind of control over the purchase of weapons there are going to be many more senseless shootings.We have to find a way to prevent our youth from staring down the barrel of a loaded gun or being in prison for being on the other end of that gun. References Dickinson, Amy. â€Å"Mother Against Guns† Time Magazine. Web Monday. May 15, 2000 Lott, John R. â€Å"Why People Fear Guns. † Web 3 January, 2011 â€Å"Gun Control†. Guninformation. org 6 April 2002 Web 14 July 2011 Johnson, Rick â€Å"How to police the Police†. 16 March 2009 timemagazine. com Web â€Å"Firearm s Bill Defeated† mayorsagainstillegalguns. org. federal. congress 14 July 2011

Harley Davidson Case Study

Harley Davidson Case Study Analysis Guidelines 1. Your analysis should be based on the question of â€Å"What is Harley Davidson doing today to deliver high levels of customer value? ’ The analysis should be related to the organization’s marketing strategy 2. Based on the company’s marketing strategy, how has Harley Davidson managed value through its product, pricing, promotion, placement, and people (five P’s) policies/strategies? 3.The analysis should be framed, as with our previous case studies, using the customer value concept within the value profit chain model. 4. Please use the case document only as a guide. To earn an A grade on the analysis, you must utilize external information to bring the case study up to date. That is, what the organization is doing today to deliver value. Such external information can be found in business journals, books, and in a variety of Internet information sources. The written case provides only a foundation for your a nalysis. . While previous case studies were framed in the contexts of what the companies did wrong, the Harley Davidson case should be considered in the context of what the company is doing right. 6. What is Harley Davidson’s current value proposition in the motorcycle market place? 7. Please include in your analysis a section on how Harley Davidson has positioned itself in the market relative to competitors. 8. The final section in your analysis should be a description of marketing lessons learned from Harley Davidson analysis.That is, what would you suggest to other business organizations based on lessons from Harley Davidson 9. Your final analysis document should be 8-10 pages, double spaced with one-inch margins, and contain appropriate headings and subheadings that form an outline of the analysis along with citations for external information used in your analysis. Your analysis should include a table of contents with page numbers. Additionally, you must use proper citati ons for external information used in your analysis and external reference should be in a reference list. Harley Davidson Case Study Harley Davidson Case Study Analysis Guidelines 1. Your analysis should be based on the question of â€Å"What is Harley Davidson doing today to deliver high levels of customer value? ’ The analysis should be related to the organization’s marketing strategy 2. Based on the company’s marketing strategy, how has Harley Davidson managed value through its product, pricing, promotion, placement, and people (five P’s) policies/strategies? 3.The analysis should be framed, as with our previous case studies, using the customer value concept within the value profit chain model. 4. Please use the case document only as a guide. To earn an A grade on the analysis, you must utilize external information to bring the case study up to date. That is, what the organization is doing today to deliver value. Such external information can be found in business journals, books, and in a variety of Internet information sources. The written case provides only a foundation for your a nalysis. . While previous case studies were framed in the contexts of what the companies did wrong, the Harley Davidson case should be considered in the context of what the company is doing right. 6. What is Harley Davidson’s current value proposition in the motorcycle market place? 7. Please include in your analysis a section on how Harley Davidson has positioned itself in the market relative to competitors. 8. The final section in your analysis should be a description of marketing lessons learned from Harley Davidson analysis.That is, what would you suggest to other business organizations based on lessons from Harley Davidson 9. Your final analysis document should be 8-10 pages, double spaced with one-inch margins, and contain appropriate headings and subheadings that form an outline of the analysis along with citations for external information used in your analysis. Your analysis should include a table of contents with page numbers. Additionally, you must use proper citati ons for external information used in your analysis and external reference should be in a reference list.

Marriage Problems Essay

Few of us do like to be told what to do. Hitting each other between the eyes with issues you know you know your partner is insecure about will not help you resolve the issue. The silence or fights that usually follow just perpetuate the cycling of pursuing behavior followed by distancing behavior. Help lead an obstinate partner to make some choices for himherself. Friends, lovers, and business partners learn what your vulnerabilities and insecurities are just by spending time with you. You can avoid cycling into repetitive arguments by discussing your own fears and areas of vulnerability. Leslie could tell Jim that she worries about being a nag and knows that her request is not nagging just a request for cooperation. The conversation with Jim can continue now. Leslie could further ask what needs to happen first before they attend to chores. Leslie has given Jim room now to make a choice. He might say he wants to pay bills, work out, make love with her, before they clean the house. You want to move toward shared decision making to move away from power struggles. Good friendship, love, and business relationships are built on mutual trust, respect, cooperation and reciprocity. If you are not cooperating with each other, each person must look at themselves and come up with what each willfully says, does or does not say or do that is contributing to the problem. Next, you can discuss what each of you are willing to do to change yourself. All relationships need elasticity to grow over time. Remember that it does take two to tango. A relationship problem is always our problem. Together you create the peacock dances and together problems can be resolved. You show you care about having a healthy relationship when you are willing to rationally and calmly resolve conflicts. Know when to disengage as well as engage in a conversation. When a person is under the influence of substances or too angry to talk, wait for a clear headed time frame to talk. Some behaviors are always unacceptable. Don’t fight dirty. No one drives you to drink or strike another person. When behavior is extreme, you are out of touch with yourself and control with yourself. You always have the choice to be extremely aggravated and express that long before you feel like acting out your anger by drowning your feelings or striking out. Debt If you and your spouse jointly apply for a credit card or loan, both your credit scores will be checked to approve the application. If one or both of you have bad credit, there’s a chance your application won’t be approved. Or, if the application’s approved, the interest rate and fees might be higher than if the spouse with the higher credit score applied separately. With joint accounts and accounts on which one spouse is an authorized user, the history of the account is reported on both spouses’ credit reports, even if only one spouse actually uses the account. On joint accounts, both spouses are responsible for making credit card and loan payments. Furthermore, if the account becomes delinquent, the creditor or lender will attempt to collect from both spouses. With authorized user accounts, only the primary account holder is legally responsible for paying the credit card debt.

Analysis Of Hydrocarbon Essay

Abstract In the analysis the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed for the identification of volatile compounds (hydrocarbon) in fuel. The samples was used is (kerosene, diesel, thinner and petrol) and one unknown. After the analyte was extracted by SPME in 20min, it directly injected to the GCMS with desorption time 80sec.After the analysis was done, the result was stated at table 4.1, the unknown was identified as a petrol because the hydrocarbon presence in the unknown is the same with the hydrocarbon compound in the petrol sample. Aromatic hydrocarbon was presence in both sample petrol and unknown. Alkanes hydrocarbon was presence in other sample. Objective The objectives of this experiment are to perform sample preparation by SPME and to identify the components of hydrocarbon in common fuel using SPME-GC-MS. Introduction Solid phase microextraction, a simple, effective adsorption/desorption technique, eliminates the need for solvents or complicated apparatus for concentrating volatile or nonvolatile compounds in liquid samples or headspace. SPME is compatible with analyte separation/detection by gas chromatography or HPLC, and provides linear results for wide concentrations of analytes. By controlling the polarity and thickness of the coating on the fiber, maintaining consistent sampling time, and adjusting several other extraction parameters, an analyst can ensure highly consistent, quantifiable results from low concentrations of analytes. Analyses of volatile or semivolatile organic environmental pollutants,flavor or fragrance components, and many other samples usually begin with concentrating the analytes of interest through liquid-liquid extraction, purge-and-trap, headspace, or various other techniques. These procedures typically require excessive time, complicated equipment, and/or extravagant use of organic solvents. Solid phase microextraction, or SPME,* an adsorption/desorption technique developed at the University of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada), eliminates the need for solvents or complicated apparatus for concentrating volatile or nonvolatile compounds in liquid samples or headspace. SPME provides linear results over wide concentrations of analytes (1-4), is compatiblewith any packed column or capillary gas chromatograph or gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system, and can be used with split/splitless or direct/packed injectors. An SPME/HPLC interface allows the technique to be combined with analysis by HPL C, expanding the applications for the extraction technique to detection of surfactants in water, pharmaceuticals in biological fluids, and many other analyses. An analytical process typically consists of several discrete steps: sampling, sample preparation, separation, quantification and data analysis. For example, in the analysis of semivolatile components in water, the target analytes are first extracted into an organic solvent. The resulting solution is then introduced into an analytical instrument for separation, quantification, and possible identification. Each of these steps affects the precision, accuracy and speed of the analysis. Although multi-dimensional techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) have improved separation and quantification, the preparation step is still time consuming and often uses a significant volume of organic. SPME was developed to simplify the preparation step. SPME is a microextraction technique, which means that the amount of extraction solvent is very small compared to the sample volume. As a result, exhaustive removal of analytes to the extracting phase does not occur, rather an equilibrium is reached between the sample matrix and the extracting phase. To make this approach practical, the extracting phase is permanently attached to rods made out of various materials. In most of the cases, the extracting phase is a polymeric organic  phase that is cross-linked and permanently attached to the rod. In one configuration, the rods consist of an optical fiber made of fused silica, which is chemically inert. A polymer layer is used to protect the fiber against breakage. Two common polymers used are poly (dimethylsiloxane) and polyacrylate. Poly (dimethylsiloxane) behaves as a liquid,which results in rapid extraction compared to polyacrylate, which is a solid. The silica rods have a typical diameter of 100–200 micrometers and a film thickness ranging from 10–100 microns. When the coated fiber is placed into an aqueous matrix (Figure 1), the analyte is transferred from the matrix into the coating. The extraction is considered to be complete when the analyte has reached an equilibrium distribution between the matrix and fiber coating. The equilibrium condition can be described as: n = Kfs Vf Vs Co Kfs Vf Vs when n is the amount extracted by the coating Kfs is the distribution coefficient between the fiber coating and the sample matrix, Vf is the volume of the fiber coating, Vs is the volume of the sample, and C0 is the initial concentration of analyte in the sample. FIGURE 4.1: Microextraction with SPME. SPME passively extracts organic compounds and concentrates them onto a thin, fused-silica ï ¬ ber coated with a stationary-phase material. The component in sample was identified by comparing with the mass spectra library. The quality of a component must taken 90% and above. There are three different extraction modes for SPME: I.  Direct: Fiber is placed in the water or air sample and the analytes are adsorbed onto or absorbed into the ï ¬ ber coating directly from the sample matrix. II.  Headspace: Sample of soil or water is placed in a vial. The SPME ï ¬ ber is placed in the air directly above the water or soil, and analytes partition from the sample matrix through the air to the ï ¬ ber coating. The air in the vial serves as a barrier between the SPME ï ¬ ber and the sample matrix to protect the SPME ï ¬ ber and eliminate fouling by high molecular-weight compounds and other non-volatile interferences in the sample media. III.  Membrane: uses a membrane to protect the SPME ï ¬ ber from heavily contaminated samples that may damage the ï ¬ ber. Figure 4.2: Schematic diagram of the headspace SPME apparatus. Sample: Unleaded petrol, diesel, paint thinner, kerosene and unknown. Apparatus: SPME holder with 100 ÃŽ ¼m polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fibre. Instrument: Gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies 5890 Series II) Equipped with HP 5971A mass selective detector and a 30m x 0.25ÃŽ ¼ x 250 ÃŽ ¼m HP 5 – MS capillary column and glass vials with septum. Procedure Instruments Set up Injector temperature : 250 oC Detector temperature : 300 oC Carrier gas flow rate : 30 ml/s Column temperature : 60 oC to 170oC at 10oC/min 1. The fiber (PDMS) was conditioned in the GC injection port at 250oC for at least 10 minutes to removed contaminations. 2. Approximately 5 mL of unleaded petrol was added in a glass vial and place the vial on a hot plate. The sample was heated to 50oC. 3. The SPME fiber was exposed to the headspace of the vial for 20 minutes and the temperature was constant at 50oC. 4. The fiber was withdraw into the needle and pulled out from the vial and immediately injected into GC-MS with desorption time 80 seconds. 5. Using the mass spectra library, the major component compound in each sample was identified using the mass spectra library. 6. Step 2 until 5 were repeated for other sample. Discussion The solid phase microextraction process is shown in Figure 4.3. 1cm length of fused silica fiber, coated with a polymer, is bonded to a stainless steel plunger and installed in a holder that looks like a modified microliter syringe. The plunger moves the fused silica fiber into and out of a hollow needle. To use the unit, the analyst draws the fiber into the needle, passes the needle through the septum that seals the sample vial, and depresses the plunger, exposing the fiber to the sample or the headspace above the sample. Organic analytes adsorb to the coating on the fiber. After adsorption equilibrium is attained, usually in 2 to 30 minutes, the fiber is drawn into the needle, and the needle is withdrawn from the sample vial. Finally, the needle is introduced into the gas chromatograph injector, where the adsorbed analytes are thermally desorbed and delivered to the GC column, or into the SPME/HPLC interface. Results compare very favorably to results for other sample preparation. Figure 4.3: Solid Phase Microextraction In SPME, equilibria are established among the concentrations of an analyte in the sample, in the headspace above the sample, and in the polymer coating on the fused silica fiber. The amount of analyte adsorbed by the fiber depends on the thickness of the polymer coating and on the distribution constant for the analyte. Extraction time is determined by the length of time required to obtain precise extractions for the analytes with the highest distribution  constants. The distribution constant generally increases with increasing molecular weight and boiling point of the analyte. Selectivity can  be altered by changing the type of polymer coating on the fiber, or the coating thickness, to match the characteristics of the analytes of interest. In general, volatile compounds require a thick coating, and a thin coating is most effective for adsorbing/desorbing semivolatile analytes. Desorption of an analyte from an SPME fiber depends on the boiling point of the analyte, the thickness of the coating on the fiber, and the temperature of the injection port. Nonpolar analytes are most effectively extracted with a nonpolar fiber coating and polar analytes are most effectively extracted with a polar coating, just as nonpolar or polar analytes are most effectively analyzed on a gas chromatography column of like polarity. In SPME however, because only 1cm of fiber is exposed to the sample matrix, the fiber coating must be either nonpolar or strongly polar in nature. The small differences in stationary phase polarity that are useful in gas chromatography (a 5% diphenylsiloxane/95% dimethylsiloxane phases versus a 100% dimethylsiloxane phase, for example) will not produce appreciable selectivity differences in SPME. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the non- polar stationary phase that has been used in this experiment. The –R groups are all –CH3, giving a liquid that is relatively nonpolar. In general, polar fibers are used for polar analytes and nonpolar fibres for non-polar analytes. Before proceed the analysis, the sample must be heated to make the sample attach to the fibre. The fibre was put into the vial that contains the sample. The vial was heated by using the water bath at 500C this was done because if the temperature was not strictly controlled, the components of interest from t he sample that we wanted to collect will not be able to obtain. We controlled the temperature by adding cold water inside the water bath system if the temperature goes high, reduced the amount of water, and also increased the hot plate’s temperature if the temperature goes low than 500C.Before placing the fibre into the sample vial through its septum, the fibre was first injected into the injection port of the GCMS at temperature of 2500C for 10 minutes so that any interferences and contaminants can be effectively removed. By doing this, we actually want to make sure that no impurities existed on the fibre. Thus, we can be sure that we are actually  injecting pure vapor of sample’s components obtained from exposing the fibre to the headspace of the vial. After the extraction time was completed, we transferred the fibre immediately to injection port for injection purpose, as we did not want any of the components of sample that we collected to be disappeared into the surrounding. After the extraction time was completed, we transferred the fibre immediately to injection port for injection purpose, as we did not want any of the components of sample that we collected to be disappeared into the surrounding. After 80 seconds of injection, the fibre was pulled out from the injection port. The 80 seconds period is known as desorption time. The factors that effects on determining desorption times are carrier gas linear flow and temperature. These factors will influence the carryover experience on the fibre. There are several factors that effects on precision of the fibre such as condition of the fiber, GC injector (fibre positioning), desorption time, sample volume, agitation, extraction time and temperature. During the experiment, there were source of error occurred such as personal and methods error. For example, when heated, the temperature was not maintained at 50oC. Besides, the fibre was not quickly injected into the GC-MS which can cause the sample to vaporize and in the end the analytes disappear. To get the best result, ensuring the fibre and sample is heated longer and maintain the temperature at 50oC so that the compounds of sample can attached and coated to the fibre. SPME has several important advantages compared to traditional sample preparation techniques. The advantages of SPME discuss. The SPME method for semivolatile analysis consists of inserting the fiber device into the aqueous sample matrix, pushing the plunger to expose the fiber, retracting the fiber into the needle when equilibrium has been reached, and finally introducing the fiber into the analytical instrument. During desorbtion of the analyte, the polymeric phase is cleaned and therefore ready for reuse. The absence of solvent in SPME is an important feature, as it is not only environmentally friendly but makes the separation faster, which increases throughput and allows for the use of simpler instruments. Another important  feature of SPME is its small size, which is convenient for design. Another important feature of SPME is its small size, which is convenient for designing portable devices for field work. Since the amount of extracting phase is small, the equilibrium of the system is not disturbed and can therefore be studied. Very small objects can be studied with miniature fibers, such as a single flower or even a single cell. The sensitivity and limit of determination is comparable to techniques that rely on liquid extraction. Although only a small portion of analyte is extracted from the matrix, all extracted analytes are transferred to the analytical instrument. This is in contrast to liquid extractions, where the majority of analyte is transferred from a given sample to the organic phase but only a small portion (1/100 or 1/1000) of the extracted analyte is introduced to the analytical instrument. The analyte if the sample non volatile the other extraction method can achieve by placing the SPME fiber directly into the aqueous sample. Conclusion In conclusion, since hydrocarbon is volatile compound, the extraction procedure by placing the SPME fiber in the headspace above the sample can extract the analyte and directly injected to the GCMS, the components in the sample can be identified using the GCMS where we can compare the obtained spectra with the instrument’s library. From the experiment we are successfully determine the compounds that present in the thinner, kerosene, diesel and petrol. The hydrocarbons that present in unknown are similar to those in kerosene because it is quite similar in chromatography diagram.Besides, the sample are not quality so that the result that we obtain is not accurate a bit because of oftenly used. Recommendations 1. Washing the injector properly so that, no contaminate will occurred. References 1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science 2. www.geocities.com/hpgc/chem700/spmenotes.pdf