Article review a tapestry of brown and green Essay

Article Review A tapestry of browns and greens Tu K Ly Devry University The article â€Å"A Tapestry Of Browns And Greens† was written by Nalini Nadkarni, a pioneering canopy ecologist and professor at The Evergreen State College. This article describes a rich tapestry of personal stories, information, and illustrations, from science to symbol, culture, and religion. Nalini used the metaphor of a tapestry that composed of different colored threads to reflect on her life, as she also came from the vividly mixed ethnic background of her Indian/Hindu and Brooklyn/Jewish parents. She then described how her particular tapestry weaves threads of religion, art, and social justice with her work as a†¦show more content†¦Education was important in her family. Nalini studied hard to get straight A and participated in various school activities. Being well educated created another thread that she wove into her relationship with nature, the realm of the intellect and use of the scientific process to understand trees and forests. While pursuing the stu dy of Biology in college, she began to discover the world of forest ecology and enjoyed the challenge of untangling the endless puzzles she encountered in nature. She then received her PhD in Forest Ecology and started her forest canopy studies. She struggled to convince the graduate committee to understand the importance of tree climbing. Eventually, they helped her carve out a dissertation project, a comparative study of the biomass held within the epiphytes. Her work took place in the spectacular temperate rainforest of the Olympic National Park and the tropical cloud forests of Costa Rica for 25 years. She produced over ninety scientific papers and three scholarly books about canopy ecology. As the result of her studies, Nalini found out that small plant like epiphytic flowers that live high above the forest floor have tremendous ecological importance for the complex tapestry of rainforest ecosystems. As her career progressed, she recognized the necessary to reach out to other s ources of information outside of academia that went beyond the scientific aspects of nature, and involved understanding ofShow MoreRelatedNatural Dyes11205 Words   |  45 PagesReds and pinks * 3.2 Oranges * 3.3 Yellows * 3.4 Greens * 3.5 Blues * 3.6 Purples * 3.7 Browns * 3.8 Greys and blacks * 3.9 Lichen * 3.10 Fungi * 4 Luxury dyestuffs * 4.1 Royal purple * 4.2 Crimson and scarlet * 4.3 The rise of formal black * 5 Decline and rediscovery * 6 Notes * 7 References * 8 External links | [edit] Origins Colors in the ruddy range of reds, browns, and oranges are the first attested colors in a number of ancientRead MoreMasculinity in Chuck Palahniuks Work7062 Words   |  29 Pageseffects of the docile modern workplace as well as advertising and the absence of ‘a great war‘, using the fight club as a cure for this frustration. However, I believe that this analysis is just as one-layered and as an ill-informed .com purchasing site review. It is these types of approaches that have frightened audiences into believing that all men want to do is pummel each other. On the surface, the reader can presume that Palahniuk is angered by the emasculating effects of consumerism as Fight ClubRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagescontinued to submit to segregation and live in poverty. Langston Hughes, 1933 (Library of Congress) Langston was not ashamed of being a black American. He had already written poems celebrating his heritage. He felt connected to the oppressed brown people of the world and hated his father for mistreating his Mexican employees. Witnessing his fathers tyranny made Langston sick enough to require hospitalization. By the end of the summer, Langston was glad to return to school in the UnitedRead MoreAn Introduction to Intercultural Communication29172 Words   |  117 Pagesintercultural and cross cultural? What is cross cultural awareness as opposed to cross cultural knowledge or, are cultural sensitivity and cultural competence the same thing? With a view to clarifying some of the above mentioned terminology, this article will examine terms used in relation to building cross cultural understanding within the business world. Cross cultural understanding simply refers to the basic ability of people within business to recognise, interpret and correctly react to people

The Development Of Mathematics Changes And Grows Continually

Assessment 1A Maths The development of mathematics changes and grows continually. Teachers are finding new ways and strategies to keep up with learning and having a broader view on the ways chidren learn and develop. Their are many views of which theories are best suited in teaching mathematics, different age groups are better suited to different theories.Constructivism is a theory which has become a challenge in teaching mathematics with learning how to develop models of teaching that build on, and are consistent with, this theoretical perspective. Small-group interaction, nonroutine problem solving, and manipulative materials can be valuable tools in the hands of mathematics teachers.Theoretically based frameworks for teaching mathematics in a constructive way allow the potential to guide the use of these tools. A teacher can help students to develop new, more powerful mathematical concepts using the constructivism theory. Novice teachers who want their students to construct a particular idea, often ask for the idea from their students, consciously or unconsciously hoping that at least one student will be able to explain it to the others (Simon, 1991 ). The constructivism approach does not deal with a particular question or concept for example, if a group of students do not have a particular concept, how does a teacher work with them to foster their development of that concept? Constructivist theory is one perspective that works within a framework that helps build andShow MoreRelatedApplication Of A Software Designer1178 Words   |  5 Pagesthat control the devices or networks also they get involved with all phases of the development, design and code. Software developers have been prominent in the evolving technology since the 1960s when company’s started to mass produce computers and they need software to go with the computer. 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why an organisation might need to change Free Essays

string(65) " agents responsible for the execution of the planned alteration\." So you are standing by the H2O ice chest with the remainder of the staff, chew the fating. Then person points to a new notice on the staff cork board. All of you rush to the notice and moan in unison: yes, another alteration will be made in your section. We will write a custom essay sample on why an organisation might need to change or any similar topic only for you Order Now You wonder whether your occupation is on the line, trusting against hope that it is non. Your organisation is traveling through an organisational alteration. ( www.bokca.com ) Many factors underpin the demand for alteration in an administration. Change can stem from growing, economic downswing, tougher or indulgent trading conditions, engineering and scheme alterations. Competitive and client force, authorities statute law and enterprises can all impel alteration. As we enter the twenty-first Century, alteration and how to take it successfully has become the first subject on the heads of organisational leaders. And for good grounds: Change is go oning everyplace ; its velocity and complexness are increasing ; and the future success of our organisations depends on how successful leaders are at taking that alteration. ( Anderson Dean, 2006 p34 ) All of us can be a small dying about alteration, hence, consciously or subconsciously we resist it as sometimes those frights are good founded and if established the alteration will truly hold a negative impact on us. Even though in many instances, nevertheless, those targeted for the alteration semen to gain that the alteration was for the better. Change is invariably increasing particularly with the reaching of the cyberspace and the rapid usage of new engineerings has led to new ways of making concern. In this essay I am traveling to exemplify how internal and external force per unit areas in the administration I work for initiated alteration. I will be pulling on theories and practical experience to convey to fore the procedures of alteration. There have been a batch of extremist alterations in UK schools in the past decennary. The authorities and other educational organic structures have introduced assorted signifiers of inventions that have affected our nursery school and kids ‘s Centre. The Single Funding Formula is one of the inventions that is impacting on my school and kids ‘s Centre. In June 2007 the Government announced that local governments will be required to make and implement a individual expression support for funding Free Entitlement to early old ages proviso for 3 and 4 twelvemonth olds across all sectors. This move was towards bettering equity and transparence in the manner that support is allocated to suppliers of early old ages instruction and in the procedure create support for the 15 hours extension to be delivered from September 2010. What the authorities agencies, is that support degrees and processs do non hold to synchronise for all early old ages ( baby’s room ) suppliers but th ey must be just and any discrepancies should be sensible and incontrovertible. Basically the authorities wants private, voluntary and independent baby’s rooms to be financed in the same manner maintained baby’s rooms are funded. In 1999 the school support system was introduced based upon the Local Management of Schools ( LMS ) and its fiscal deputation to schools. Formula support and the deputation of fiscal duty to schools were its cardinal facets. The schools are located a ball amount budget so they decided on how to pass the money on students. In avertedly a mechanism is used to find how much budget each school is allocated. The implicit in rule for the alterations being required to Formula Funding relate to the debut of the Early Years Foundation Stage. Schools and early old ages suppliers have to follow a construction of acquisition, development and attention for kids from birth to five old ages old. This is called the Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS ) . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.direct.gov.uk ) This is a planned alteration initiated by the authorities and the Department for Children Schools and Families after recognizing the demand for alteration in their support policy and processs. An inaugural driven from top to bottom and catapulted into action by external and internal power. Private, Voluntary and independent baby’s room suppliers have for a long clip complained about non acquiring adequate money from the authorities Nursery Education Grant to cover the cost some of their Sessionss. Planned alteration involves a witting determination by person ( Federal or national policy shaper, local authorities policymaker, school principal ) to alter or transform some bing pattern in a system or organisation. ( Ciaran Sugrue, 2008 ) The authorities and the Department for Children Schools and Families ( DCSF ) have committed to this planned alteration and they have created a sound measure by measure attack in order to carry through its purposes. They have issued counsel and held audiences to implement the new strategy. The ends of the alteration and its development were clearly set in the counsel sent out to local governments. Suppliers and local governments have been fixing for this for over two old ages, pattern counsel was issued to all local governments last twelvemonth and updated in July this twelvemonth. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk ) Consultations are besides being held to find why the alteration is necessary. Single expression support jobs and chances have been evaluated. Unison in the missive to it members describe some of the impact this alteration will hold on baby’s rooms. The manner expression is developed could hold a major impact on kept up baby’s rooms, school based baby’s rooms and kids ‘s Centres. One of the chief differences in the new support mechanism is that kept up baby’s rooms will now be funded on the footing of topographic points filled instead than on topographic points offered as was antecedently the instance. This means that nursery school support will be reduced if they offer topographic points in their baby’s room that are non filled. This alteration could intend fiscal troubles for baby’s rooms with unfilled topographic points and should be monitored closely by subdivisions. ( McAnea C, 2009 ) DSCF are the selected alteration agents responsible for the execution of the planned alteration. You read "why an organisation might need to change" in category "Essay examples" They are working with the local governments in audience procedure. Practice counsel, developed from the experience and acquisition of the nine governments working with the DSCF since November 2007, is now available below to assist all LAs get down to develop their ain individual expression. The six original pilot governments are: Hertfordshire, Somerset, Leeds, Rochdale, Croydon and Southampton. Thesiss have since been joined by Derby, Greenwich, North Somerset, North Yorkshire and Shropshire. ( www.dcsf.gov.uk ) In measure with the alteration, DSCF have gathered informations about the clime of the baby’s rooms schools in order to assist them fix for the alteration. Nurseries and other educational establishments were asked to notice on the individual expression support. A interpreter for Newcastle City Council said, ‘All local governments have been directed by the DCSF to reexamine the expression for funding the free entitlement to turn to incompatibilities and fund on the footing of engagement. An unfastened. transparent, clearly reasoned expression has been agreed by the Schools Forum, which has baby’s room headteacher representation on it. Nursery school headteachers, governors and staff have been to the full engaged in the procedure, and are having targeted support to assist pull off the passage procedure. ( Nursery World, 2009 ) DSCF selected a few local governments who piloted the strategy to get down with so will turn over it out in April 2010. They have made themselves sensitive to the force per unit areas for alteration by utilizing webs of people and the pilot strategies. Cardinal stat mis rocks have been set up to find the when, where and how of the strategy. The DSCF released the concluding counsel for implementing the individual expression, have held audience procedures and recognised the cost in each supplier sector and understood the behavior cost. It has besides delegated duty to the local governments for each of the ends and aims of the alteration in expression support. After all questions have been answered, the program will be put into operation nationwide in 2010. This alteration can be described as transitional which is 2nd order established to transform Formula Funding. It is one the complex types of alteration which occurs in an administration. Transitional alteration looks to accomplish a known coveted status that varies from an bing one. It is sporadic, planned, 2nd order and extremist. Over the old ages transitional alteration has become the footing of much of the organizational alteration literature. It besides has its basicss in the work of Kurt Lewin who conceptualised alteration as a three-stage procedure. Transitional alteration is more intrusive than developmental alteration as it replaces bing procedures or processs with something that is wholly new to the company. The period when the old procedure is being dismantled and the new procedure is being implemented is called the transitional stage. A corporate reorganisation, amalgamation, acquisition, making new merchandises or services, and implementing new engineering are illustrations of transitional alteration. 9 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //businessmanagement.suite101.com ) Social scientist Kurt Lewin ‘s theory introduced a three measure alteration theoretical account. He saw behaviour as an active balance of powers working in opposite waies. These driving powers bring about alteration because they lead employees in the coveted way. Controling powers, nevertheless, hinder alteration because they push employees in the opponent way. He argued hence that these powers be examined. Lewin ‘s three-step theoretical account can assist travel the balance towards the way of planned alteration. The first measure in the procedure of altering behavior is to dissolve the existent state of affairs. To dissolve is of import as it helps get the better of the tensenesss of single opposition and group understanding. It can be achieved in three ways. One is to increase the driving power that controls behaviour off from the existent state of affairs. Two is to cut down the commanding powers that negatively affect the motion from the bing equilibrium. Three create some activities that can assist in the unfreezing measure like actuating participants by acquiring them ready for alteration. You could besides construct trust and place jobs and brainstorm solutions within a group. This is what happened with our alteration. DSCF and local governments created a pilot strategy and besides organised audience undertakings and meetings which will construct trust, place and work out jobs. As a formal topic for survey and application, alteration direction can be said to hold begun some 50 old ages ago with what has since become known as the planned theoretical account of alteration. The fact that this theoretical account lies at the bosom of organisation development and is associated with its major theoreticians, such as Blake and Mouton [ 8 ] and Gallic and Bell [ 9 ] , is a testimony to its importance. The beginnings and kernel of planned alteration prevarication with the pioneering work of Kurt Lewin [ 4 ] . ( Burnes Bernard, 1997 ) The 2nd measure in the procedure is motion. Here, it is purported that it is necessary to travel the mark system to a new degree of balance. One of the three actions to be taken to assist the motion includes carrying employees to be in understanding that the position quo is non helpful to them and promoting them to see the job from a fresh position, working together on a Hunt for new, of import information and link the vision of the group to well-respected, influential leaders that besides support the change.. The 3rd measure in the three-step alteration theoretical account is refreezing. This measure is to be taken when alteration has already taken topographic point to do it effectual over clip. This is when new values are integrated into the community values and traditions. By equilibrating the drive and commanding power the new balance is stabilised. New forms need to be reinforced and institutionalised through formal and informal mechanism including policies and processs. This alteration has evidently non received a warm welcomed from some of the early old ages suppliers. Many particularly the kept up baby’s rooms fear that support by caput count alternatively of topographic points available will cut down their support by comparatively big proportions. There is talk about baby’s rooms shuting down because of cuts in support hence taking to occupation loses or cut. Megan Pacey, main executive of Early Education, which represents baby’s room schools in the kept up sector, said they were confronting budget cuts of between a one-fourth and a 3rd. She said: â€Å" At the really least it means there will be redundancies to staff and it is improbable that baby’s room schools will be able to make the extra things like address and linguistic communication therapy and extended household services. ( www.bbc.co.uk ) Others feel that any cuts will hold a damaging consequence on the kids ‘s life and acquisition and are recommending for physical action. Nurseries are being urged by Early Education to subscribe a request against the execution of the Early Years Single Funding Formula ( EYSFF ) , which it claims will hold a negative impact on the most deprived kids. ( www.nurseryworld.co.uk ) â€Å" It ‘s a 2nd place for my household. When we ‘re both working we have to cognize our kids will be loved, cared for and educated to the highest criterions, † her male parent, Dean Halfpenny-Steel, says. â€Å" The whole Centre is portion of the household. † But from September following twelvemonth that could alter as the baby’s room is confronting losing a one-fourth of its budget in the support difference that is endangering every state-run nursery school in England ( www.guardian.co.uk ) Headteachers of kept up baby’s rooms are afraid that hard currency will be switched to private baby’s rooms. This will hold annihilating effects on kept up baby’s room schools. Our baby’s room has already experienced the above and has made immense accommodations to our budget in clip for new alterations in support policy and processs. Casual staff have had their hours slashed and one individual voluntary stood down. Two people who are on pregnancy leave have non had their station covered by other staff as new people have non been employed. We presently short staffed but everyone is willing to work towards salvaging money. Not all employees will oppose alteration, and cabals of support and opposition are non uncommon, for employees frequently will take sides. For illustration, those who favor a peculiar alteration and who feel most comfy with it constantly will back up the alteration, while employees adversely affected by the alteration normally will be less excited by it, are more likely to be dying about it and normally will defy it ( Carr, 1994 ; Geyer, 1995 ) . It is no surprise, hence, that employees who feel threatened by a alteration attempt can defy with a resiliency that matches or exceeds the will of the alteration leaders, particularly when those employees possess power. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.esc.edu ) Resistance was met by go toing assorted meetings and allowing our concerns be heard state broad. There have been concerns raised sing the alterations to the support expression for early years.A Local Authorities are expected to hold in topographic point by April 2010 a individual support expression which allocates support to all early old ages suppliers, maintained, private, voluntary and independent, based on the same principles.A This has caused troubles in a important figure of LAs and has resulted in the Minister, Dawn Primarola, composing to LAs and directing extra counsel to them. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naht.org.uk ) The DCSF select commission has decided to establish an enquiry into the impact the individual support expression will hold on maintained nursery school. The NAHT is stating their members to supply written entries to the commission. Following the Committee ‘s unwritten grounds session on the Early Years Single Funding Formula on 28 October, the Children, Schools and Families Committee is now ask foring written entries on: The expected impact of new local support expression on suppliers of early old ages instruction and child care services ; Difficulties which have been encountered in pulling up new support expression, and how they are being overcome. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naht.org.uk ) Change is natural and sometimes good, but people ‘s response to it is unpredictable and even irrational sometimes. It can nevertheless be managed good if done decently. Change is upsetting for people and has greater possible to do failures, loss of production, or falling quality in work done. Besides there is nil every bit of import to the endurance of an administration as alteration. There are so many historical illustrations of administrations that failed to alter and are now out of concern. I feel to successfully pull off this support alteration, things will hold to be seen from the position the employees. There should be definition and apprehension. Everyone is fearful of the unknown and most alteration ever brings the unknown and or an outlook of loss doing people to defy it. The front-end of a individual ‘s opposition to alter is how they see the alteration and the back-end is how good they are capable of covering with the alteration they imagine. A individual †˜s grade of opposition to alter is normally dominated by whether they see the alteration as good or bad, and how strict they anticipate the impact of the alteration will be on them. If they should accept the alteration it would hold been based on the quality of their header accomplishments. The political metaphor is more applicable to understanding opposition to alter because it acknowledges the importance of organisational civilization and political relations ( Gallagher, Rose, McClelland, Reynolds, A ; Tombs, 1997 ; Hartel A ; Berry, 1999 ; Meyerson A ; Martin, 1987 ; Pettigrew, 1973, 1985, 1987 ) and that opposition is frequently site specific ( Knights A ; Vurdubakis, 1994 ) . It more readily acknowledges that employees will of course be leery about alteration ( Toffler, 1970 ) , and that opposition is frequently a consequence of the employees ‘ subjective constructs of what is desirable ( Collinson, 1994 ; Jermier, Knights, A ; Nord, 1994 ) . ( Phil Hay et Al, 2000 ) My occupation, if I was a leader would be to turn to their opposition from both terminals to assist the headteachers cut down it to a minimum, manageable degree. I would non bulldoze through their opposition so that I can travel in front which sometimes feels like they are making. If I was DSCF I would carry Headteachers of the benefits the proposed alterations will convey. I would besides do certain that headteachers have the chance to act upon the alterations by organizing a working group, for case. Its members would be the respected amongst the schools and would besides be people who have a existent positive attitude towards the alteration. They would be working group that is unfastened to new thoughts and capable of bring forthing originative solutions. Finally they would be cognizant of the practical deductions of any solution to individual expression support. How to cite why an organisation might need to change, Essay examples

Competitive Strategy Strategic Management Theory and Application

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy for Strategic Management Theory and Application. Answer: Introduction: Key Ideas: The video tells us about the meaning of strategy and the various factors related to the strategy. This video is prepared by David Kryscynski to make us understand about an organisational strategy and the various aspects depending upon which the strategy works. In this video, it is shown that the strategy comes from a Greek word Strategos. According to Greeks, Strategos means an art of the general and according to Chinese, the strategy is considered as the Art of War. With the help of a diagram, various approaches related to the strategy are introduced in the video(Kryscynski, 2015). A good strategy is to see or to judge something special which others cannot. Diagram in this video shows various aspects related to the strategy, which fails in describing the strategy completely and only works as the supportive elements. Various aspects shown in this video are not able to generate the specific idea about the strategy. Some of the ideas related to the strategy are 1. The strate gy should be an easy one and should describe itself easily, 2. One should completely identify the needs of the market to manage the performance of the product, 3. Product launched must fulfil all the requirements of the customer, 4. Product should have some unique values, so that a customer uses our manufactured or designed product not others, 5. The strategy used must tell us about various capabilities of a firm, which helps in presentation of a product in the market, 6. It should provide an idea for utilization of the resources before presenting into the market, 7. Finally, a good strategy is that which gives a clear description about place of competition, resources require, capabilities and method to sustain a unique value (Suttle, 2015). Implementation of ideas: What does strategy means and how it is related to various approaches, is clearly described in this video. Use of the strategy by an organisation following various aspects and to make that strategy stable is explained in the video. According to the video a large number of organisations are using different-different methods for planning their strategy (Mckeown, 2013). As an example, we can consider Deloitte an Australia based company using different approaches of strategy at present. In the video, it is shown that a strategy must provide a clear judgement about unique values that can be added to the product at the time of manufacture (Kalpic, 2002). A good strategy helps to judge something different which others cannot. The ideas are being applied globally in various organisations, followed by various factors of traditional approach. By the use of custom and traditional approaches capabilities of an organisation can be maintained and further, it helps in mainta ining the sustainability. Business Model Innovation Key Ideas: The video is completely based on business model innovation. Material used in this video is written by DR. Oliver Gasman. He has written this to help an industry to revolutionize its productivity by using a business model innovation. Business model helps an industry in managing their daily business and clients (UniStGallen, 2013). It also describes about various opportunities and provides many advantages to an industry. Business model innovation gives a description about introducing new technologies to the business. According to Oliver, the day success is the enemy of success tomorrow. Innovation increases the customer value of a product or service and lowers their cost (Kemmis, 2012). Therefore, we can say it creates a competitive advantage. Misconceptions related to innovation are like ideas that nobody had before, requirement of big resources for a big success, etc. According to the video, some important aspects of business model innovation are the maximum part of innova tion is based upon different ideas used, support of resources is also necessary in innovation and growth of an industry depends upon the method and technology used in the innovation model. Implementation of ideas: An example of companies like Google, Dell, Cisco, etc. is considered in explaining the business innovation model in the video. Innovation mainly depends upon the type of market and customers with whom one wants to carry its business, type of Customer service being provided to the customers against their product and revenue generating methods. For the development of a business one should follow four steps which are Initiation, Ideation, Integration and Implementation. Initiation In this process the main focus of an organisation is to analyze its current business model and to make the important changes in the model from time to time if required. Ideation In this process an organisation compares their model with the models being used by other organisations and creates a new model according to the requirement (Kaplan, 2012). Integration In this process a new model is generated by collecting information from various models present in the market and consistency of the model is checked. Implementation - This is the final step, in this step the newly created business model is implemented in that particular organisation. An organisation should implement one business model at a time and it should clearly communicate the need of that model. It is must for a company to give some time for the implementation a new business model, because innovation need time to be implemented. An organisation needs to overcome the negative tasks and must have the top management who can provide them sponsorship. The model being used in any small, medium or large enterprises directly depends upon the requirement of that organisation. Therefore, the development of an organisation is highly affected by business model innovation. References Kalpic, B., 2002. Strategic management theory and application, Available at: https://www.diversus.biz/publications/Strategic%20mngm_2004.pdf?bcsi_scan_f5761508bdf24bd5=0bcsi_scan_filename=Strategic%20mngm_2004.pdf Kaplan, S., 2012. The Business Model Innovation Factory: How to Stay Relevant When The World .... :John Wiley Sons. Kemmis, D., 2012. Business Model Innovation: Australian business foundation, Available at: https://www.aciic.org.au/assets/Publications/2012/Business-Model-Innovation.pdf Kryscynski, D., 2015. What is Strategy?,Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD7WSLeQtVw Mckeown, M., 2013. The Strategy Book ePub eBook: How to Think and Act Strategically to Deliver .... :Pearson UK. Suttle, R., 2015. Different Types of Business Strategies. Different Types of Business Strategies, Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/different-types-business-strategies-4634.html UniStGallen, H., 2013. Business Model Innovation, Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4ZSGQW0UMI

Hypertension Western and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Perspectives Essay Example

Hypertension: Western and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Perspectives Essay Hypertension, high blood pressure that remains elevated over time, is a very common disease. Uncontrolled hypertension can cause severe problems, but the early stages of hypertension may not have severe symptoms. Some patients, who already have hypertension, even feel nothing unusual; however, after a long time of suffering from hypertension, severe consequences may follow such as stroke, congestive heart failure, or heart attack. Today, a lot of people have hypertension. A recent medical report(1) shows that as many as 50 million Americans either have high blood pressure or are taking high blood pressure medication and that hypertension is one of several factors associated with cardiovascular disease, the number one killer of both males and females in America. Cardiovascular disease claims more lives annually than all cancers combined, killing approximately one million people in the U. S. each year and disabling countless others. Therefore, how to control blood pressure in healthy people and how to control hypertension for those who already suffer from this disease is a very important topic. Both western medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine, which is also called TCM, have their points of view to analysis, diagnosis, treat, and prevent hypertension. Western medicine believes hypertension can be controlled by taking daily prescription drugs and by making lifestyle choices for good health. Western medicinal treatments operate on the belief that as long as blood pressure can be controlled and remain in a normal range, hypertension won’t threaten the patient’s life. We will write a custom essay sample on Hypertension: Western and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Perspectives specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hypertension: Western and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Perspectives specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hypertension: Western and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Perspectives specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer TCM believes that taking prescription drugs everyday to help control blood pressure may cause many side effects that will not cure hypertension; however, other treatments, such as acupuncture, Qi-Gong, or massage, do not require patients to take medication and have succeeded in curing hypertension in many cases. Blood pressure is responsible for delivering oxygen to the organs in our body. Blood pressure cannot be increased or decreased as a response when our body receive signal from the environment. For example, when we are angry, our blood pressure may increase. Hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries. For an adult, the normal blood pressure should be lower than 140/90mmHg. When the blood pressure reading is higher than it, you may be considered to be in the high range. From the view of western medicine, there are many causes of high blood pressure. According to a medical report, (1) in about 90% of hypertension cases, the causes are unknown, and when the causes are unknown, it is called essential hypertension. If hypertension has physical problems behind it, it is called as secondary hypertension. The most common factors that can cause hypertension are kidney disease or thyroid disease. Western doctors also believe that other factors are associated with hypertension, including inheritance, obesity, and excessive consumption of alcohol, diet and life style (1). In Traditional Chinese Medicine, there are two important theories in explaining the human body. One is called Yin-Yang theory, which means Yin and Yang are on either opposite ends of a cycle, like the seasons of the year. This opposition is relative. Yin and Yang are never static but in a constantly changing balance. The other is the five elements theory and the five elements are metal, wood, water, fire and earth, which function as the five main organs, lung, liver, kidney, heart and spleen respectively. Each element is controlled and generated by another. TCM believes that hypertension is primarily related to the imbalanced Yin and Yang in heart, liver, and kidney, and therefore, keeping yin-and-yang balance is the most effective way keep disease away. In western medicine (7), in order to have appropriate diagnosis for hypertension, the western practitioners usually require blood pressure tests, at least two measurements at two different times after the fist initial screening. Patients should minimize physical activity and should not consume coffee or drinks that contain caffeine before measurement because caffeine or exercise can elevate blood pressure. Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called a sphygmomanometer. Two numbers will be received after the measurement. The fist number is the systolic pressure, which is the amount of pressure in your arteries when your heart is pumping or the pressure, which is the amount of the pressure in you arteries. The second number indicates the diastolic pressure, which is the amount of pressure when your heart is resting between beats and the pressure when the last sound is heard. By this measurement, the practitioners can easily tell whether the patient’s blood pressure is normal or not (2). By TCM, the diagnosis is based on four examination techniques. The first is â€Å"questioning,† which is a process to gather patients’ complaints and amily’s history. The second is â€Å"looking† at physical features of the body, such as the face, tongue, hair, nails. The third is â€Å"hearing and smelling† which is to smelling the breath and listening to the sounds coming from the chest offer additional clues. The last examination is â€Å"touching†. â€Å"Touchingâ⠂¬  the pulse is a cornerstone of TCM diagnosis and gives the TCM practitioner a lot of information about the body’s imbalance. The information gathered from these four examinations are used to determine which type of disharmony pattern the individual has. This is important because at various stages of a disease varieties of disharmony patterns are present and require different treatments. That is the reason two individuals with the same disease may be treated very differently by their TCM practitioners. There are usually two different treatments for hypertension in Wstern medicine. The first is the drug treatment. There are many drugs available to control blood pressure. Most of these medications can be taken once a day to help control pressure and initially the drug should be started at the lowest does. Adjustments are usually made every one to two months depending upon tolerability and response because there are certain side effects that occur quickly and can be serious. The second way to treat hypertension is to having a healthy life style. A healthy life style includes having exercise every day, which is helpful to control body weight, eating healthy food, sleeping well, and having a healthy emotional state. From TCM’s points of view, in addition to taking medications, there are still many other TCM treatments available for hypertension. The most widely used treatment, besides herbs, is acupuncture therapy, which applies a needle on various points of the body. These points include Zusanli, Fengchi, Renying, Taixi, Shenshu, Ganshu, Baihui, Qihai, Fengling. The names of these points are termed by traditional Chinese practitioners and are translated from Chinese. According to certain clinical reports, acupuncture therapy for hypertension is effective for about 72%-80 % of hypertension cases( 6). Besides the use of a needle to apply to these points, TCM practictioners use an ignited stick of mugwort or other medicinal herbs over these points of the patient’s body. This treatment is called â€Å"Moxibustion therapy† (6). Following the Moxibustion therapy, applying massage on these points can greatly improve the results in treating hypertension. Another well known therapy is â€Å"Qigong Therapy,† which is a system of traditional knowledge and skill to regulate respiration and concentration of the mind. It is practiced for physical training and for prevention and treatment of hypertension. The Qi-Gong therapy has a history of more than 40 years. According to a report from the Shanghai Institute, 516 patients with hypertension that practiced Qigong by themselves for one year had a percentage of efficiency of 86. %. Another report from Beijing TCM hospital indicates that 136 cases of hypertension with â€Å"Standing Qigong† had an efficiency rate of 91. 9 %( 6). It is generally considered that Qigong lowers high blood pressure mainly by regulating the whole body, especially by regulating the functions of central nervous system . All TCM treatments of hypertension have a similar mechanism, which is regulating the central nervous system in order to make blood pressure descend. In addition, TCM agrees with western medicine’s point that choosing appropriate lifestyle choices is powerful in improving hypertension. For the prevention of hypertension, both western medicine and TCM provide similar suggestions, which can be categorized in three main groups. Firstly, to maintain appropriate body weight and exercise regularly. Secondly, to avoid alcohol, avoid tobacco and reduce salt intake. Finally, to balance lives with positive thinking and optimistic outlook. TCM also suggests using herbs for medical prevention, under direction of a TCM practitioner. TCM believes that correct use of herbs can be beneficial in maintaining a healthy balance in the body and preventing disease. The most popular herbs to treat hypertension include LingZhi, TianMa, HuangQi, CaiHu, DuZhong, which are termed by Chinese Medicinal Scientist. All these herbs must be cooked with water before oral intake. The TCM also believes that prevention is more important than treatment (8). After the comparison of western medicine and TCM for hypertension, we can tell that they both have their advantages and disadvantages. That is why some practitioners suggest that their patients with hypertension are better to receive treatment from not only western medicine but also from TCM. In general, the advantages of western medicine for hypertension are efficient diagnosis and drugs that can help to lower blood pressure as long as the patient keeps taking the medicine. Also, the western hypertension pills are usually tasteless and small. Thus, it is very convenience for patients to carry and take anywhere. The disadvantage of Western medicine is non-stop drug intake which can cause many side effects, especially affecting the liver and kidneys after long time consumption. In addition, the Western medicine is useful to control blood pressure but could not cure hypertension. By contrast, TCM treats hypertension by regulating the whole body and improving body immune system, rather than simply lowering the blood pressure. The methods TCM used usually have no side effects. However, the disadvantages of TCM therapies are that they are a little slower and mild—the patient won’t see the benefits until they try treatments for a while, such as a year. Also, because herbs are usually required to cook before oval intake, it is a little inconvenient for patient to prepare the medicinal decoctions. In addition to inconvenient preparation for the medicinal decoctions, most medicinal decoctions have unfavorable taste. In conclusion, it is best to combine Western medicines and TCM to treat hypertension patients. First of all, control the blood pressure into a normal range with Western medicines, which could be very effective. After blood pressure is controlled within a normal range, patients could start receiving TCM treatments, such as acupuncture or Qi-Gong under the guidance of the Chinese practitioners. Since the practicing with TCM treatments could be a long time, maybe up to one year, patients should keep measuring blood pressure everyday and consulting with doctors to check the improvements with the treatments. In addition, there is one important point in treating hypertension, is thought to be true by both Western medicine and TCM. This important point is having healthy life styles, including exercise, avoidance of alcohol and cigarettes, is very important in treating hypertension. Word Cites 1. Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(e. d. ) Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine. 2000 2.. Ted J. Kaptchuk The Web That Has No weaver: Understanding Chinese Medicine. New York, NY: 2000. 3. Li Shi Zhen. Ben-Cao Gang Mu, Ming Dynasty 4. Chen Keji, et al: Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine. 1962 (1O) -638 5. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/entrez/query. fcgi? CMD=searchDB=omim 6. Chengdu institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Internal Medicine. Si Chuan, 1977 7. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/highbloodpressure. html

How Flight Control Systems Stabilize Rockets

How Flight Control Systems Stabilize Rockets Building an efficient rocket engine is only part of the problem. The rocket must also be stable in flight. A stable rocket is one that flies in a smooth, uniform direction. An unstable rocket flies along an erratic path, sometimes tumbling or changing direction. Unstable rockets are dangerous because its  not possible to predict where they’ll go – they may even turn upside down and suddenly head directly back to the launch pad. What Makes a Rocket Stable or Unstable? All matter has a point inside called the center of mass or â€Å"CM, regardless of its size, mass or shape. The center of mass is the exact spot where all the mass of that object is perfectly balanced. You can easily find the center of mass of an object - such as a ruler - by balancing it on your finger. If the material used to make the ruler is of uniform thickness and density, the center of mass should be at the halfway point between one end of the stick and the other. The CM would no longer be in the middle if a heavy nail was driven into one of its ends. The balance point would be nearer the end with the nail. CM is important in rocket flight because an unstable rocket tumbles around this point. In fact, any object in flight tends to tumble. If you throw a stick, it will tumble end over end. Throw a ball and it spins in flight. The act of spinning or tumbling stabilizes an object in flight. A Frisbee will go where you want it go to only if you throw it with a deliberate spin. Try throwing a Frisbee without spinning it and youll find that it flies in an erratic path and falls far short of its mark if you can even throw it at all.   Roll, Pitch and Yaw Spinning or tumbling takes place around one or more of three axes in flight: roll, pitch and yaw. The point where all three of these axes intersect is the center of mass. The pitch and yaw axes are the most important in rocket flight because any movement in either of these two directions can cause the rocket to go off course.  The roll axis is the least important because movement along this axis will not affect the flight path. In fact, a rolling motion will help stabilize the rocket the same way a properly passed football is stabilized by rolling or spiraling it in flight. Although a poorly passed football may still fly to its mark even if it tumbles rather than rolls, a rocket will not. The action-reaction energy of a football pass is completely expended by the thrower the moment the ball leaves his hand. With rockets, thrust from the engine is still produced while the rocket is in flight. Unstable motions about the pitch and yaw axes will cause the rocket to leave the planned course. A control system is needed to prevent or at least minimize unstable motions. The Center of Pressure Another important center that affects a rockets flight is its center of pressure or â€Å"CP.† The center of pressure exists only when air is flowing past the moving rocket. This flowing air, rubbing and pushing against the outer surface of the rocket, can cause it to begin moving around one of its three axes. Think of a weather vane, an arrow-like stick mounted on a rooftop and used for telling wind direction. The arrow is attached to a vertical rod that acts as a pivot point. The arrow is balanced so the center of mass is right at the pivot point. When the wind blows, the arrow turns and the head of the arrow points into the on-coming wind. The tail of the arrow points in the downwind direction. A weather vane arrow points into the wind because the tail of the arrow has a much larger surface area than the arrowhead. The flowing air imparts a greater force to the tail than the head so the tail is pushed away. There is a point on the arrow where the surface area is the same on one side as the other. This spot is called the center of pressure. The center of pressure is not in the same place as the center of mass. If it were, then neither end of the arrow would be favored by the wind. The arrow would not point. The center of pressure is between the center of mass and the tail end of the arrow. This means that the tail end has more surface area than the head end. The center of pressure in a rocket must be located toward the tail. The center of mass must be located toward the nose. If they are in the same place or very near each other, the rocket will be unstable in flight. It will try to rotate about the center of mass in the pitch and yaw axes, producing a dangerous situation. Control Systems Making a rocket stable requires some form of control system. Control systems  for rockets keep a rocket stable in flight and steer it. Small rockets usually require only a stabilizing control system. Large rockets, such as the ones that launch satellites into orbit, require a system that not only stabilizes the rocket but also enables it to change course while in flight. Controls on rockets can be either active or passive. Passive controls are fixed devices that keep rockets stabilized by their very presence on the rockets exterior. Active controls can be moved while the rocket is in flight to stabilize and steer the craft. Passive Controls The simplest of all passive controls is a stick. Chinese fire arrows  were simple rockets mounted on the ends of sticks that kept the center of pressure behind the center of mass. Fire arrows were notoriously inaccurate in spite of this. Air had to be flowing past the rocket before the center of pressure could take effect. While still on the ground and immobile, the arrow might lurch and fire the wrong way.   The accuracy of fire arrows was improved considerably years later by mounting them in a trough aimed in the proper direction. The trough guided the arrow until it was moving fast enough to become stable on its own. Another important improvement in rocketry came when sticks were replaced by clusters of lightweight fins mounted around the lower end near the nozzle. Fins could be made out of lightweight materials and be streamlined in shape. They gave rockets a dart-like appearance. The large surface area of the fins easily kept the center of pressure behind the center of mass. Some experimenters even bent the lower tips of the fins in a pinwheel fashion to promote rapid spinning in flight. With these spin fins, rockets become much more stable, but this design produced  more drag and limited the rockets range. Active Controls The weight of the rocket is a critical factor in performance and range. The original fire arrow stick added too much dead weight to the rocket and therefore limited its range considerably. With the beginning of modern rocketry in the 20th century, new ways were sought to improve rocket stability and at the same time reduce overall rocket weight.  The answer was the development of active controls. Active control systems included vanes, movable fins, canards, gimbaled nozzles, vernier rockets, fuel injection and attitude-control rockets.   Tilting fins and canards are quite similar to each other in appearance - the  only real difference is their location on the rocket. Canards are mounted on the front end while tilting fins are at the rear. In flight, the fins and canards tilt like rudders to deflect the air flow and cause the rocket to change course. Motion sensors on the rocket detect unplanned directional changes, and corrections can be made by slightly tilting the fins and canards. The advantage of these two devices is their size and weight. They are smaller and lighter and produce less drag than large fins. Other active control systems can eliminate fins and canards altogether. Course changes can be made in flight by tilting the angle at which the exhaust gas leaves the rocket’s engine. Several techniques can be used for changing exhaust direction.  Vanes are small finlike devices placed inside the exhaust of the rocket engine. Tilting the vanes deflects the exhaust, and by action-reaction the rocket responds by pointing the opposite way.   Another method for changing the exhaust direction is to gimbal the nozzle. A gimbaled nozzle is one that is able to sway while exhaust gases are passing through it. By tilting the engine nozzle in the proper direction, the rocket responds by changing course. Vernier rockets can also be used to change direction. These are small rockets mounted on the outside of the large engine. They fire when needed, producing the desired course change. In space, only spinning the rocket along the roll axis or using active controls involving the engine exhaust can stabilize the rocket or change its direction. Fins and canards have nothing to work upon without air. Science fiction movies showing rockets in space with wings and fins are long on fiction and short on science. The most common kinds of active controls used in space are attitude-control rockets. Small clusters of engines are mounted all around the vehicle. By firing the right combination of these small rockets, the vehicle can be turned in any direction. As soon as they are aimed properly, the main engines fire, sending the rocket off in the new direction.   The Mass of the Rocket The mass of a rocket is another important factor affecting its performance. It can make the difference between a successful flight and wallowing around on the launch pad. The rocket engine must produce a thrust that is greater than the total mass of the vehicle before the rocket can leave the ground. A rocket with a lot of unnecessary mass will not be as efficient as one that is trimmed to just the bare essentials. The total mass of the vehicle should be distributed following this general formula for an ideal rocket:   Ninety-one percent of the total mass  should be propellants.Three percent should be tanks, engines and fins.Payload can account for 6 percent. Payloads may be satellites, astronauts or spacecraft that will travel to other planets or moons. In determining the effectiveness of a rocket design, rocketeers speak in terms of mass fraction or â€Å"MF.† The mass of the rocket’s propellants divided by the total mass of the rocket gives mass fraction:  MF (Mass of Propellants)/(Total Mass) Ideally, the mass fraction of a rocket is 0.91. One might think that an MF of 1.0 is perfect, but then the entire rocket would be nothing more than a lump of propellants that would ignite into a fireball. The larger the MF number, the less payload the rocket can carry. The smaller the MF number, the less its range becomes. An MF number of 0.91 is a good balance between payload-carrying capability and range. The Space Shuttle has an MF of approximately 0.82. The MF varies between the different orbiters in the Space Shuttle fleet and with the different payload weights of each mission. Rockets that are large enough to carry spacecraft  into space have serious weight problems. A great deal of propellant is needed for them to reach space and find proper orbital velocities. Therefore, the tanks, engines and associated hardware become larger. Up to a point, bigger rockets fly farther than smaller rockets, but when they become too large their structures weigh them down too much. The mass fraction is reduced to an impossible number. A solution to this problem can be credited to 16th-century fireworks maker Johann Schmidlap. He attached small rockets to the top of big ones. When the large rocket was exhausted, the rocket casing was dropped behind and the remaining rocket fired. Much higher altitudes were achieved. These rockets used by Schmidlap were called step rockets. Today, this technique of building a rocket is called staging. Thanks to staging, it has become possible not only to reach outer space but the moon and other planets, too. The Space Shuttle follows the step rocket principle by dropping off its solid rocket boosters and external tank when they’re exhausted of propellants.

Violations at the workplace Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 37

Violations at the workplace - Case Study Example In this case, the informal complaint did not cause OSHA to send a letter, but the inspector showed up nonetheless. The important thing is for the inspector to show a warrant that allows him to carry out any inspection in the workplace. In fact, the Supreme Court declared that no OSHA inspections should take place without the availability of a warrant or consent to enter a workplace for inspection (Bailey et al., 2008). Further, the individual is grumpy and well known for his disgruntlement, which is something that should be taken into consideration. If more than 80% of complaints are false, the inspector cannot continue acting without consulting the management. OSHA requires a warrant at this time because the issues the disgruntled employee reported could be dealt with at the corporate level (Lasowski, 2010). Having to ask for an inspection because of a disgruntled employee will inconvenience the management, and it is important that the OSHA inspector sits with the management and dis cusses the issues taking place. This will also lead to consented inspection to prove that the company has taken into consideration everything discussed and complained about by the employee. After the inspector leaves, I will take the initiative to sit down with the employee and discuss issues at the workplace. The employee must respect the rules and regulations at the workplace, and offer undivided support towards the accomplishment of goals within the organization. If more than 80% of complaints are false.